بررسي تاثير عوامل اقليمي- مديريتي بر عملكرد و خصوصيات رشدي گياه دارويي- صنعتي حنا (Lowsonia inermis L) در استان كرمان

Assessing Effect of Climatic-Management Factors on Yield and Growth Characteristics of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) as a Medicinal-Industrial Plant in Kerman Province

امروزه در تمام دنيا به گياهان دارويي و نقش آنها در توليد داروهاي فاقد عوارض داروهاي شيميايي توجه ويژه اي مي شود. كشور ما نيز با بهره گيري از پتانسيل اقليمي متنوع نقش بسزايي در توليد اين گياهان در دنيا دارد. تدوين و اجراي برنامه هاي موثر در راستاي احياء، حفاظت و بهره برداري كارآمد از گونه هاي دارويي با شناخت ويژگي ها و نيازهاي اكولوژيكي آنها امكان پذير است. حنا با نام علمي Lowsonia inermis L. گياهي چند ساله است كه از لحاظ دارا بودن خواص دارويي و كاربرد هاي صنعتي از ارزش بالايي برخوردار است. در اين بررسي مشخصات اقليمي مناطق زير كشت، خصوصيات فيزيكي-شيميايي خاك، اطلاعات عملكرد، مراحل مختلف فنولوژيكي و همچنين اطلاعات مديريتي مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتايج نشان داد كه اين گياه در استان كرمان در مناطق شهداد، رودبار، بم و كهنوج پراكنش دارد. پهنه بندي اقليمي مناطق رويشگاهي بر اساس ضريب خشكي دومارتن از نوع اقليم خشك مي باشد. متوسط ميزان بارندگي سالانه اين رويشگاه ها 72/7 ميلي متر، رطوبت نسبي 33/6 درصد، ارتفاع از سطح دريا 632 متر و دماي متوسط آن 26/5 درجه سانتي گراد است. خاك رويشگاه ها عمدتا داراي بافت شني-لومي با اسيديته 8/19، هدايت الكتريكي 3/84 دسي زيمنس بر متر و مقدار ماده آلي 0/06 تا 0/12 درصد مي باشد. حنا در مجموع گونه اي حساس به سرما است كه در شرايط اقليمي خشك با متوسط بارندگي ساليانه كمتر از 100 ميلي متر قادر به رشد است. آبياري گياه در كليه مناطق بصورت كرتي و با مقدار بيش از 8000 متر مكعب در هكتار مي باشد. ميزان مصرف كود شيميايي نيتروژن نيز بيش از 250 كيلوگرم در هكتار مشاهده شد. نتايج رگرسيون نشان داد كه رطوبت نسبي منطقه، درصد نيتروژن خاك و ميزان مصرف آب مهمترين عوامل تاثير گذار بر رشد و نمو گياه حنا مي باشند. در مجموع لازم است با توجه به اهميت گياهان دارويي با بررسي جنبه هاي مختلف اكوفيزيولوژيك كشت حنا، راهكاري براي ايجاد مديريت بهينه و توسعه سطح زير كاشت در مناطق بومي در كشور فراهم شود.

Introduction Nowadays there is a global attention to medicinal plants and their role in the production of drugs with no side effects. Our country with climate variety also has important role in production of these plants in the world. Formulate and implement effective programs in line with the resuscitation conservation and efficient utilization of medicinal plants by identifying their characteristics and ecological needs is possible. Henna with the scientific name of Lawsonia inermis L. is a perennial plant having high value in terms of medicinal properties and industrial application. The dye which is derived from green leaves of henna is used for decorating the body with intricate designs and the principle coloring matter is lawsone, 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoqunone. Literature show henna possess antibacterial and anti- immunomodulatory activities along with other properties. The natural constituents of henna are essential oils, 1,4-naphthoquinone, tannins, gallic acid, flavonoids, lipids, sugars, triacontyltridecanoate, mannitol, xanthones, coumarins (5-alkyloxy 7-hydroxycoumarin), 2-3% resins, 5-10% tannic ingredients and up to 2% lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). A major portion of lawsone is glycosidic bound, which is cleaved by enzymatic hydrolysis of the glycosidichennosids and auto oxidation of aglucons. Reports of various studies show that no experiment have been done on the eco-physiological properties of henna in Iran. Kerman province with the first position in Hana production has a special importance in this regard. Materials and Methods This study was carried out in Kerman province in 2015.In this survey climatic characteristics of cultivated area, physico-chemical analysis of soil, performance data, phenological stages and also information on irrigation were investigated. Finally, the relationship between climatic-management characteristics and performance was studied through multiple regressions. Results and Discussion The results showed that the henna in Kerman province is distributed in Shahdad, Roodbar, Bam and Kahnooj. The area under cultivation in these regions ranged from a minimum of 3 hectares with a yield average of 1.4 t.ha-1 in Shahdad and a maximum of 7500 hectares with a yield average of 6.5 t.ha-1 in the Roodbar. The results of this study showed that over 93% of henna cultivation area in Kerman province belongs to Roodbar. The highest and lowest of water use efficiency were belonged to Roodbar (0.46) and Shahdad (0.17) respectively. The total growth period, on average, varied between 190 to 220 days in the studied areas. Climatic zoning of habitat areas were dry climate according to Domarten dryness index. The mean annual precipitation of habitats were 7.72 mm, 33.6% relative humidity, 632 m altitude and the mean temperature was 26.5 ° C. Soil of habitats largely had sandy-loam texture with an pH of 8.19, 3.84 dS/m electrical conductivity and 0.06-0.12% organic matter. The results of regression analysis showed that nitrogen, rainfall and relative humidity are the most important soil and climate characteristics that affect henna performance, respectively. Availability of nitrogen has a great importance because of their role in the production of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll synthesis. Rainfall is one of the most important climatic factors that can be more effective in yield production through the influence of moisture and soil temperature. Conclusion Henna is a cold-sensitive species while able to growth in dry climates with an annual precipitation of less than 100 mm. According to recent studies the plant cultivation area in previous years has been more than now. Some problems such as water shortages, agricultural economic problems and etc. have been effective in reducing the cultivation area. In general, due to the importance of medicinal plants, it is necessary to study the various ecophysiological aspects of henna, providing a solution for optimized management and consequently extending area under cultivation in the local areas of the country.