كليدواژه :
مقادير , معاجم عربي , قبايل , اعداد غير مشهور , لغت شناسان
چكيده فارسي :
شمارش با اعداد براي تعيين مقادير-اعم از وزن، كيل، مساحت و مسافت- از بدو تولد انسان از اهميت خاصي برخوردار بوده است؛ زيرا ازآنجايي‌كه انسان موجود اجتماعي بود و جهت گذران زندگي خود نياز به تعامل با ساير همنوعان خود داشت، اين تعامل ايجاب مي‌كرد كه با ديگران دادوستدي انجام دهد و براي شمارش ايام و مقادير نياز به اعداد داشت. در ابتدا و قبل از تطور علم حساب، مقادير به‌صورت مبهم –مانند يك‌مشت، به اندازه كف دست و...- تعيين مي‌گرديد و با توجه به ثابت نبودن اين معيارها، انسان به فكر معياري براي تعيين مقادير ثابت افتاد و بعدها اعداد به وجود آمد. امروزه اعداد در قالب: مفرد، مركب، معطوف و عقود به كار مي‌روند و يكسري الفاظي براي آن‌ها وضع شده است كه بدون اختلاف داراي كاربرد مشخص و مشهوري هستند؛ اما الفاظي نيز در بين عرب وجود دارد كه غير مشهور و گاهي با اختلاف نظر مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرد. در اين مقاله با بررسي‌ها و مطالعات انجام شده در منابع قديمي، اين الفاظ استخراج و مورد پژوهش قرارگرفته‌اند. گاهي علاوه بر تبيين به اختلاف نظر در كاربرد آن‌ها بين قبايل نيز اشارتي رفته است.
چكيده لاتين :
Therefore, the word means to count something and determine the amount of that thing. However, the term is used to determine the quantity and value of things and individuals. Number is used for identifying the quantity of something. Many say that number is an answer to quantity. One definition given for number is that number is equal to the sum of halves of two neighboring margins. This is such as اثنين (two) whose low margin is واحد one and whose upper margin is ثلاثه three, and their aggregate sum will be اربعه (four). Half of four is two. Margin here means the two sides of a number (the previous and next number) since the amount of decrease in the previous number is equal to the increase of the next one. Previous number is called minor margin and the next one is major margin. In simple terms, if previous and next numbers are aggregated and divided by two, the middle number will be the answer. Counting the number to determine values (including weight, area and space) has been an important issue for human beings since their birth. Since man is a social being, he is in need to have relationship with others to live. Such a relationship makes men to have exchange and trading with each other, and they needed umbers to count days and amounts. At the beginning and prior to the emergence of arithmetics, the values were ambiguous (such as a fistful or a palmful etc), and since there were not specific and fixed, men began to think of other criteria for fixed values, which later ended in discovery of numbers. As we know, famous words for numbers are twelve: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, hundred and thousand and the non-famous values of these numbers that are obtained in the following forms: dual value, addition, additional and composition. For example, two thousands is a dual value; three hundred is an addition; forty is a composition. As a matter of fact, here we do not aim at counting major numbers, but we look for words used for men, animals, things and values, yet famous words not signify numbers since famous words could be easily found in old and new grammar books.
