اپيدميولوژي و اتيولوژي بيماري آلزايمر

Epidemiology and etiology of Alzheimer's disease

ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎن اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮرودژﻧﺮاﺗﻴﻮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎري آﻟﺰاﻳﻤﺮ ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻴﻮع و ﺑﺮوز ﺑﻴﻤﺎري آﻟﺰاﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﻨﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬـﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ. در دﻫﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺬار ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ"، ﺑﺎر اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺮي، ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ را دﭼﺎر ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪي ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﻟﺬا ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ و ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺪﻳﺪ آورﻧﺪه اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫـﺎ اﻣـﺮ ي ﺿـﺮوري ﻣﺤﺴـﻮب ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺗﻴﻮﻟﻮژي ﺑﻴﻤﺎري آﻟﺰاﻳﻤﺮ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺧﻄـﺮ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎلي اﺑـﺘﻼ ﺑـﻪ اﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري در آﻳﻨﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻋﺮوﻗﻲ و ﻋﻼﺋﻢ اﻓﺴﺮدﮔﻲ (ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫـﺎي ﻣﺤـﺎفظتي ﻛـﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ اﺑﺘﻼ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ، رژﻳﻢ ﻏـﺬاﻳﻲ ﻏﻨـﻲ از اﺳـﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﭼﺮب ﻏﻴﺮ اﺷﺒﺎع و آﻧﺘﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪان ﻫﺎ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﻄﺮ ﻋﺮوﻗﻲ) ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻋﻠﻢ و داﻧﺶ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اوﻟﻴـﻪ زﻧـﺪﮔﻲ و داﺷـﺘﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻫـﺎي ذﻫﻨـﻲ ﺳـﺮﮔﺮمﻛﻨﻨـﺪه در ﺑﺰرگ ﺳﺎﻟﻲ و ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻋﺮوق و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻋﺮوﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮاﻧﻪ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري آﻟﺰاﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

One of the consequences of the worldwide population aging phenomenon is the increasing number of the neurodegenerative diseases, with Alzheimer's disease, as the most predominant one. The prevalence and etiology of Alzheimer's varies in different regions of the world, due to the structure of the aged populations in different countries. The social and economic burdens of geriatric diseases in the decade of the "demographic transition", have engaged the health systems in a serious challenge. Thus, it seems essential to identify the developing factors for neurodegenerative diseases in each country. In this review, the etiology of Alzheimer's disease has been investigated in different populations, also the possible factors that may explain the risk of developing Alzheimer’s in the future (such as vascular risk factors and depression) as well as protective factors that may reduce the risk of incidence (such as social, physical and cognitive activities, diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, and controlled vascular risk factors). Studies have shown that beginning education in early life and being engaged with entertaining mental activities during adulthood, while trying to maintain on good vascular health or optimal controlling vascular diseases can be preventive strategies against Alzheimer’s disease