رمانتيسم اتوبيوگرافيك (شرح‌ حالي) در شعر اميري فيروزكوهي

Autobiographical Romantism in Amiri Firoozkoohys Poetry.

مكتب رمانتيسيسم در اواخر قرن هجدهم در اروپا و در برابر مكتب عقل‌‌گراي كلاسيسيم به‌وجود آمد. اين مكتب زمينه‌‌هاي گوناگوني مانند ادبيات، فلسفه، علوم‌‌اجتماعي، سياسي، هنر و... را دربرمي‌‌گيرد. اوج رمانتيسم، در اروپاي قرن نوزدهم بود؛ اما بعد‌‌ها به سرتاسر جهان رسيد و كشورهاي ديگري را تحت‌تأثير قرار داد. ايران نيز مانند ساير كشورها تحت‌تأثير اين مكتب قرار گرفت. محققان برآنند كه رمانتيسم در ادبيات معاصر ايران با «ايده‌آل» عشقي و «افسانۀ»‌‌‌‌ نيمايوشيج آغاز شد. بعدها شاعران ديگري تحت‌تأثير اين مكتب شعر سرودند. فردگرايي و توجه به هويت فرد، از تأثيرهاي رمانتيسم بر جهان مدرن است. اتوبيوگرافي يا خودزندگي‌‌نامه، نوشته‌‌اي است كه نويسنده از ذهن و زندگي شخصي خود حكايت مي‌‌كند. اميري فيروزكوهي، از شاعران سنت‌‌گراي معاصر است كه در انواع قالب‌‌ها شعر سروده‌است و اغلب شعرهاي وي نيز روايتي از زندگي شخصي و هنري و به تعبيري حسب‌‌حال اوست كه ماهيتي رمانتيكي دارد و سرشار است از احساس درد، غم، رنج، اندوه، نا‌‌‌اميدي و... . اين جستار به روش توصيفي-تحليلي انجام شده‌است. از‌جمله نتايج اين پژوهش مي‌‌توان به جلوه‌‌هايي از رمانتيسم، همچون احساس‌گرايي، طبيعت‌‌گرايي، نوستالژي، ميل به سفر و... در اشعار زندگي‌‌نامه‌‌اي اميري فيروزكوهي و همچنين وجود تصويرهاي رمانتيكي در شعرهاي اتوبيوگرافيك او اشاره كرد.

Extended Abstract 1) Introduction Romanticism is a literary school gaining ground in the late 18th century, the period between Classicism and Realism schools’ dominance. This school was a reaction to Industrial revolution or Renaissance disappearance. “It’s not only a literary school, but also a universal movement in different areas like literature, philosophy, social and political sciences, architecture, music, painting, cinema, etc.” (Jafari, 1999, p. 1). Romantic and Romanticism have a complicated but interesting origins. Romantic “is an adjective made from the word “Roman”, taken from words “Romano” or “Romi”, primarily referring to a story which is written in various European vernacular languages in a novel way without following any classic principles” (Seyed-hosseini, 2002, Vol.: 1, p. 163). “In the late 18th century, France, England and Germany were the first countries started to adopt Romanticism after Classicism, engaging literature and art with myths, imaginations and poetic feelings instead of old norms and conventions” (Razi-zadeh, 2011). Freedom, individualism, desertion and travel, contemplation and intuition, verbal magic, unity with nature, rejection of rationalism, emphasis on imagination and feeling, nostalgia, death, love, folklore, religion, patriotism and romantic illustration are among the key themes focused by Romanticism. However; their usage and interpretation may vary from different perspectives. Since Romanticism has not addressed one particular class but all the public, “it has become popular in all countries despite of Classicism” (Shamisa, 1993, p. 65). It then expanded to other countries, influencing on different areas. Iran is one of the countries influenced by Romanticism. Parviz Natel Khanlari, Golchin Gilani and Fereydoun Tavaloli, who were under influence of Nimaic poetry, are pioneer romantic poets of Iran (Taslimi, 2004, p. 19). “Romanticism has brought to the modern world the fact that each human being has its own specific identity. Individualism in Romanticism does not rely on rationality which is a general and public phenomena. It relies on the exclusive inner self of individual which can be distinguished from others” (Jafari, 1999, p. 19). As Romanticism highlights the public, ordinary people and individualism, poets reflect their self and life in their poems. Autobiography, referred to as self-written account, biography, etc., is a literary genre which has recently been emphasized in Iran. “Autobiography is consisted of the words “auto”, meaning self and “biography”, meaning one’s life story and it has various translations and equivalents like personal life story, self-written account, self-life account, life story, etc. in Persian language” (Anousheh, 1997, p. 763). “Self-life account refers to the writings describing author’s mental state and life setting” (Meghdadi, 1999, p. 278). Autobiography or self-written account is one of the literary genres in which it is private, however; some poets and authors has honestly narrated their private life. Autobiography is often seen in writings, however; there are some poets who use it in their poems. Amiri Firuzkuhi is one of the poets who places an emphasis on autobiography in his poems. Seyed Karim Amiri Firuzkuhi (1909-1984) is a contemporary Iranian poet. He is a poem who has talked about his life in his poems. His poems are autobiographic poems with romantic themes. He becomes popular for the simple language and subtle nature reflected in his poems. He is mainly depicting his life events, which are mostly romantic. In other words, he illustrates his life in a real and imaginary way. Therefore, the present article aims at studying poems of Amiri Firuzkuhi with regard to romanticism and autobiography reflected in his poetry. Romanticism elements and features are hence explored and analyzed in his poems.