كاوشي در چگونگي عمل شيعيان به فقه تا پيش از امام محمد باقر (ع)

(Exploring Shiites' Adherence to Fiqh until Imam Baqir (AS

چگونگي عمل شيعيان به فقه در دورهٔ قبل از امامت امام محمد باقر (ع) ، مسئله‌اي است مبهم كه برخي حتي بدان ورود نكرده‌اند يا گذرا از آن سخن رانده‌اند. نوشتار حاضر، با بررسي دورهٔ نخست فقه شيعه پس از پيامبر اكرم (ص) تا قبل از امام محمد باقر (ع)، مي‌كوشد چگونگي عمل شيعيان به فقه و راه‌هاي اخذ آن در اين دوره را بازخواني كند؛ دوره‌اي كه امامان نخست، با مشكلات فراواني روبه‌رو بودند. روايات فقهي و نقل‌هاي موجود تاريخي نشان مي‌دهد شيعيان با روش‌هايي مانند اجتهاد بر اساس اصول القاشدهٔ امامان در شهرهاي دور از مركز شيعه، پرسش مستقيم از ايشان يا اصحاب، تابعين و عالمان شيعي يا احتمالاً رجوع به مكتوبات و دست‌ نوشته‌هاي بر جاي‌ مانده از اماماني مانند امام حسن مجتبي (ع) و امام سجاد (ع) يا اصحاب آنان نظير ابورافع و دو فرزندش، مسائل فقهي خود را در مي‌يافته‌اند. البته شيعيان قبل از امام محمد باقر (ع)، گاهي براي دريافت پاسخ در مسائل شرعي، به عالمان غيرشيعي رجوع مي‌كرده‌اند.

The issue of practicing Shia law in the period before the Pontificate of Imam Muhammad Baqir (PBUH) is something that many consider it vague and even does not come to mention it and have been passed by without talking about more. Clarifying this issue in the period that have mentioned can create new windows in the science of jurisprudence. The investigation of present study and the first jurisprudence after the death of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and his progeny before Imam Muhammad Baqir(PBUH), looking how to act and obtain and review the Jurisprudence of Shi'a for this period; The time when the first four Shi'a Imams with numerous problems such as facing Umayyad rules, lack of concern on jurisprudential issues for the later periods, the events after the incident of Karbala and not having a strong Shi'a government for the development and spread of pure Shi'a jurisprudence. Jurisprudential story and narration from history shows that the Shi'as are practicing the methods of Ijtihad based on the principles induced by the Imams in Shiite cities far from the center, questioning him directly, question his companions and followers and Shi'a scholars or going back to written that have left from Imams from before such as Imam Hassan and Imam Sajjad or their companions such as Abu Raf’e and his two sons and they were finding the issue of their jurisprudences. Indeed sometimes the Shi'as before Imam Baqir, they were going to non- Shi'a scholars to get the answer of legal issues