ملاحظات درباب نقدهاي ملاصدرا بر نظريه‌ي ابصار سهروردي

نظريه‌ي ابصار در سازواره‌ي انديشه‌ي سهروردي از‌ آن‌ جهت اهميت دارد كه نه‌ تنها مجالي براي بسط نظريه‌ي خاص او درباب علم اشراقي براساس نظام نوري است، بلكه تلاش‌هاي او را براي طبيعياتي از جنس ديگر موجه مي‌سازد. نظريه‌ي ابصار سهروردي به‌واقع بنياني مابعدالطبيعي براي تعيين جايگاه خاص نفس در هستي و نيز جايگاه خاص علم‌النفس اشراقي در ميان يك انسجام الهياتي است. نگارنده‌ي اين مقاله بر آن است تا با نگاه دوباره به مباني فلسفه‌ي سهروردي، به مسأله‌ي ابصار بپردازد و از اين خلال، نقدهاي وارد بر شيخ اشراق را در آثار ملاصدرا داوري كند. همچنين به دفاعيات سبزواري و ارزيابي آن‌ها نيز پرداخته خواهد شد. به‌زعم نگارنده، اختلاف نظر اين دو فيلسوف درباب ابصار، به اختلاف مباني آن‌ها بازمي‌گردد و در نتيجه، نقدهاي صدرا محصول عدم لحاظ مباني شيخ اشراق در طبيعيات و مابعدالطبيعه‌ي اشراقي است.

As the creator and generator of episteme, God in the root of Plantinga’s epistemology theory plays such a substantial role that overshadows the knower’s position. This approach will eventually mergesintonaturalistic episteme theories. According to Plantinga, awareness and duty should be removed from cognition process to solve Gotieh’s problem. The question is, however, whether byremoving them and the knower’s will, the theory solvesthe cognitive challenges as an extrovert reliabilism and virtue system or it just gives raise to another question. The present paper is an attempt to survey God’s position in proper function theory and answer the noted question. The study was conducted through library and theoretical review. The role of awareness in the elements of “proper function,” “proper situation,” and “desire”were elaborated through comparing awareness in Plantinga, Goldman, and Soza’s theories. The results showed that leaving God with the whole responsibility of the process of episteme development and removing the knower’s awareness from the structure of proper function of episteme forces, degrades human episteme to animal episteme. The outcome of adding the element of “desire” in the development of episteme is the conversion of episteme into something random and temperament in nature. Thereby and as to the element of “proper situation,” Plantinga needs to add the knower to the process episteme development.