ديپلماسي فرهنگي آمريكا در قبال چين2012 -2001

America's cultural diplomacy towards China 2001-2012

پژوهش حاضر، مطالعه اي درباره چگونگي عملكرد ديپلماسي فرهنگي آمريكا در قبال چين پس از يازدهم سپتامبر است. ديپلماسي فرهنگي آمريكا با پيشرفت روز افزون وسايل ارتباطات و علم فن آوري و همچنين وقايع 11 سپتامبر در سياست خارجي آمريكا اهميت پيدا كرد. دولت آمريكا براي احياي قدرت نرم" و ارائه تصوير مطلوبي از خود از ابزارهاي مختلفي در چارچوب ديپلماسي فرهنگي بهره مي برد. در پي افول وجهه آمريكا در چين، پس از حوادث 11سپتامبر و حمله به افغانستان در سال 2001 و عراق در سال 2003، دولت آمريكا مترصد ترميم و جهه خود در كشورهاي ناراضي از اقدامات هژمونيك اين كشور از جمله چين بر آمد. بر همين اساس مقاله حاضر مي كوشد تا با استفاده از چارچوب نظري ديپلماسي فرهنگي به بررسي مفهوم، سابقه، روشها و راهكارهاي ديپلماسي فرهنگي آمريكا در قبال چين در فاصله زماني 2012-2001 پردازد. پرسش اصلي اين است كه ساختار ديپلماسي فرهنگي آمريكا در قبال چين از چه مؤلفه هايي تشكيل مي شود؟ فرضيه نوشتار حاضر بر سه مؤلفه تأكيد دارد: صنعت فست فود، اشاعه فرهنگ و ارزشها در چارچوب زبان انگليسي و پديده هاليووديسم و اشاعه سبك زندگي آمريكايي. رهيافت اين پژوهش بر مفهوم ديپلماسي عمومي و مؤلفه زير شاخه آن، ديپلماسي فرهنگي استوار گرديده است. بعد از 11سپتامبر ديپلماسي عمومي و ديپلماسي فرهنگي در سياست خارجي آمريكا از اهميت بسزايي برخوردار شد و آمريكا از ابزارهاي ديپلماسي فرهنگي در جهت احياي وجهه خود نزد افكار عمومي جهان به ويژه چين بهره برد.

This article investigates the cultural diplomacy of the United States towards china post 9/11. The cultural diplomacy has been growing in importance in the US foreign policy due to the increasing development of communicational tools and technology as well as the September 11 attacks. The US government used a variety of tools in the context of its cultural diplomacy to restore its soft power and deliver an ideal picture of itself. As the United States' soft power and reputation in china, its greatest trade partner, had declined after the September 11 attacks and Afghanistan and Iraq invasions in 2001 and 2003, respectively, it tried to compensate its own reputation in that country. Accordingly, the present study tries to examine the concept, background, methods and approaches of United States' cultural diplomacy during 2001-2012. In this regard, we are to answer this main question that "what components do constitute the United States' cultural diplomacy structure?" The hypothesis of this paper focuses on three components. These three components are: Fast food industry in terms of two McDonald and KFC brands; promoting culture and values through English Language learning; Hollywoodism which is referred to as the Hollywood's strategy to secure the United States' national interests and disseminate the American way of life; The descriptive-analytic method has been applied in this paper. This research approach is based on the concept of public diplomacy and its subcomponents namely the cultural diplomacy, because the cultural diplomacy is one of the main components of public diplomacy. Results show that the public diplomacy and, in particular, cultural diplomacy had grown in importance after the September 11 attacks, so that US used cultural diplomacy tools to restore its reputation in global public opinion especially Chinese people. The above mentioned three components had a linchpin role in implementing cultural diplomacy in the United States' foreign policy towards china, because they didn't have an importance place in the US foreign policy before the September 11 attacks. September 11 events are among the main requirements of the international system the turned the way of using soft power by the United States upside down