انتقال ميان حوضه اي آب: مباني و چالش هاي حقوقي

Legal Dimensions of Inter-Basin Water Transfer

انتقال ميان­ حوضه ­اي آب آثار محيط زيستي، اقتصادي و اجتماعي منفي مانند تهديد منابع آبي كشور، بروز نابرابري در منافع و هزينه­ ها، اجبار به جابجايي ساكنان پيرامون حوضه آبي و بروز هزينه­ هاي ناخواسته در پي دارد كه حل اين مشكلات مستلزم تنظيم انتقال آب توسط قواعد حقوقي است تا بتوان با استفاده از سازوكارهاي حقوقي انتقال پايدار و منصفانه آب را تضمين كرد. اين سازكارها شامل حفظ يكپارچگي اكوسيستمي حوضه آبي، تضمين بهره‌برداري پايدار، مديريت يكپارچه آب، الزام به ارزيابي آثار طرح­هاي انتقال آب و جبران خسارت­ هاي ناشي از اين انتقال مي­شود. با آنكه در برخي نظام‌هاي حقوقي، مقرراتي براي تنظيم انتقال ميان­ حوضه­ اي آب تصويب شده­ است اما نظام حقوقي ايران بطور سيستماتيك به اين موضوع مهم نپرداخته و صرفا برخي قواعد پراكنده در اين زمينه وجود دارد. هدف اين مقاله بررسي مباني و شناسايي چالش­ هاي حقوقي موجود در انتقال ميان­ حوضه­ اي آب است.

Inter-basin water transfer has been suggested as a short-time solution to the water scarcity problem. However, this solution makes some environmental, social and economic problems including but not limited to endangering water resources, unequal distribution of social and economic costs and benefits. Solving these problems involves regulating the transfer of water by appropriate legal provisions so that it can guarantee the reasonable, sustainable and equitable transfer of water through legal mechanisms. Inter-basin water transfer has been regulated in some legal systems through some mechanisms such as the implementation of environmental impact assessment of the inter-basin water transfer projects and water protection rules. Adapting a national strategy for integrated water management and public participation in water distribution has been offered to manage water transfer in a sustainable way. The legal system should assure that the inter-basin water transfer is the last resort and is exercised based on ex-ante and ex-post assessments. Inter-basin water transfer has not been regulated in the Iranian legal system in spite of the many water transfer projects and therefore there is an urgent need to its regulation by the appropriate legal rules.