نقش پيش فرض در فقه و حقوق كيفري با رويكردي بر آراي امام خميني(س)

Role of Presupposition in Jurisprudence and Iran’s Penal Law with an Approach Based on Imam Khomeini’s Views

پيش‌فرض، امري است كه در بستر زمان و مكان، تحت تأثير فرهنگ جامعه، خانواده، اقتصاد و ... در ضمير افراد نهادينه مي‌شود و در تصميم‌ گيري‌ها مؤثر است. قانون‌گذاران كيفري نيز در عرصة تقنين از اين قاعده مستثنا نيستند. تحقيق حاضر در مقام احصاء و تبيين برخي از مهم‌ترين پيش‌فرض‌هايي است كه احكام فقهي جزائي را تحت تأثير قرار داده است. از باب نمونه پيش‌فرض حجيت خبر واحد در مواجهه با اخبار منتسب به معصومين عليهم‌السلام، عملاً سبب غيرقابل طرح بودن ساير ادله گرديده است. نتيجه اينكه اغلب ادله متني مثل اخبار و احاديث، بر ادله غير متني نظير دليل عقل و بناي عقلا سلطه يافته‌اند. علاوه بر اينكه اخبار با دشواري‌هاي متعددي هم در سند و هم در دلالت مواجهند، درك مدلول آن‌ها، اغلب تحت تأثير پيش‌فرض‌هايي صورت مي‌گيرد كه ما را از مقصود شارع دور مي‌نمايد. جلوه‌هاي مقاصدي فقه امام خميني مرتبط با همين پيش‌فرض است.

Presupposition is a belief that is institutionalized in the mind of the individual under certain time and place conditions or under the effect of social culture, family, economy, etc. and affects his decision-making. The penal lawmakers are no exception to this rule in enacting laws. This research work intends to clarify some of the most important presuppositions that affect penal jurisprudential verdicts. Since these affairs have turned into a postulate in the minds of the lawmakers, it is very difficult to make alterations in them. For instance, the presupposition of the authenticity of a tradition with a single narrator in dealing with the traditions attributed to the Infallible Household of the Prophet (PBUH) has made it impossible to pose any contrary statement. Therefore, the majority of the textual evidences such as statements and hadiths (traditions) have been given priority over non-textual evidences such as evidence by reason and conduct of the wise. However, it seems that the opposite side of this statement, i.e. giving priority to non-textual evidence, must be prioritized since the textual evidences face problems in document validity, attribution and authentication. Moreover, the reasoned understanding of traditions is mainly based on presuppositions that reduce the possibility of pure understanding, and diminish the evidence from pure text to superficial and then to brief evidence. This research work has been development in the context of philosophy of Islamic jurisprudence and penal law.