كليدواژه :
عصر جاهلي , شعر جاهلي , تصوير پردازي , حيوانات اهلي , مفضليّات
چكيده فارسي :
ادبيات بازتاب اوضاع طبيعي زيستگاه هر ملت و تجلي گاه رسوم و قوانين اجتماعي حاكم بر آن است؛ بنابر اين، چگونگي آب و هوا، پوشش گياهي و جانوري، اوضاع اقتصادي، سياسي، ديني و فرهنگي ملت ها، گاه در جزئي ترين شكلش در شعر و نثرشان تجلي مي يابد. روشن است كه شعر عصر جاهلي نيز مانند شعر هر قوم و زمان از محيط طبيعي و اجتماعي آن عصر تاثير پذيرفته است و اشكال و ابعاد مختلف حياتشان را انعكاس مي دهد. نگارندگان در اين مقاله، با روش تحليلي كتاب مفضليات را كه يكي از مهم ترين منابع شعر جاهلي است، مورد تفحص قرار داده و به حيوانات اهلي ذكر شده در آن و اثر آن ها در شعر جاهلي اشاره كرده اند. نويسندگان در پي آن بوده اند تا به اين دو سوال اساسي پاسخ دهند كه حيوانات اهلي چه تاثيري در شعر عصر جاهلي داشته اند؟ و شكل هاي اين اثر گذاري چگونه است؟ با بررسي كتاب مفضليات روشن شد كه شاعران جاهلي، بارها از حيوانات اهلي بخصوص آن هايي كه در زندگي اشان كاربرد فراوان داشته نام برده اند؛ به نحوي كه شعرشان نمايي كلي از شيوه زندگي و معيشت مردم آن دوره را بازتاب مي دهد. همچنين روشن شد كه حيوانات اهلي به دو شكل در شعرشان نمايان مي شوند: نخست در ابياتي كه شاعر خبر از حوادثي مي دهد كه حيوان در آن نقش عمده دارد، مانند ابياتي كه شاعر در آن به بخشش يا دليري خويش مباهات مي كند؛ دوم در ابياتي كه شاعر به توصيف حيوان خويش مي پردازد يا با استفاده از خصوصيت حيوان ديگر امور را به تصوير مي كشد. علاوه بر اين؛ پژوهش حاضر نشان مي دهد كه شاعران جاهلي تصاويري بديع در توصيف حيوان خويش خلق نموده اند يا با استفاده از خصوصيات حيوان تصاويري كم نظير از اغراض خويش ارائه كرده اند. اين گونه تصاوير كه كمتر استعاري و كنايي و بيشتر تشبيهي است غالبا با استفاده از حيواناتي است كه كابرد فراواني در زندگي اشان داشته است.
چكيده لاتين :
Literature reflects the natural condition of the habitat of every nation and the manifestation of the customs and social laws governing it; therefore, the climate, vegetation and animals, the economic, political, religious, and cultural conditions of the nations, sometimes are manifested in its most detailed form in their poetry and prose. It is clear that poetry of the Jᾱhilid Age, like the poetry of any nation and time, has been influenced by the natural and social environment of that era, reflecting the various forms and dimensions of their life. In this paper, the authors of this article investigate the textbook of al-Mūfadhaliyᾱt collected by Mūfadhal Dhabi, which is one of the most important sources of poetry, and has referred to the domestic animals mentioned in it and their effects in the poetry of Jᾱhilid era. The book consists of 126 allegations which are collected from 47 poets of Jᾱhilid era includes 20 poets of the early Islamic period. The authors have sought to answer these two basic questions about how domestic animals have had an impact on poetry in the era of Jᾱhilid? What is the shape of this effect? reviewing the book, it became clear that the poetry of Jᾱhilid had repeatedly referred to domestic animals, especially those who used them in their lives, so that their poetry reflected a general outline of the way of life and livelihood of the people of that period. It was also clear that domestic animals appeared in two forms in their poems: First, in the poems the poet was reporting on the events in which the animal plays a major role, such as the poems in which the poet boasts of his forgiveness or courage; Second, in the poems the poet describes as his own animal, or by the use of the animal's other characteristics, he portrays the affairs. In addition, the present study shows that the poetry of Jᾱhilid created exquisite images in describing their animal, or presented their own images with the use of animal characteristics. Such images, which are less metaphorical and more simile, are often used by animals that have abundantly used their lives. The study also shows that - the names of the animals that the people of the Era have more connected with and their need for them is more abundant than the names of other animals in poetry poets. In addition, the role played by these animals in the life of the people, many of the artistic images have also been devised using the characteristics of these animals or their tools and accessories.
