مباني نظري مصونيت و مسئوليت مدني دولت

Theoretical Foundations of Immunity and Civil Liability of the Government

امروزه مسئوليت مدني براي اشخاص حقيقي و حقوقي حقوق خصوصي پذيرفته شده است ولي مسئوليت مدني ناشي از اعمال دولت به مفهوم عام، از مباحث تازه در حقوق عمومي به شمار مي رود. ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ دولت، ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ دولت اﺳﺖ و اين مبنا خود ناشي از نظريات و انديشه هاي فلسفي و نيز ميزان تكامل و پيشرفت فرهنگ و تمدن حاكم بر يك نظام سياسي و حقوقي است. از حيث مباني نظري، بسياري از نظريات و انديشه هاي فلسفي، با تقبل اصل مسئوليت مدني دولت، مخالف بوده و يا موضع روشني ندارند. در نظام حقوقي جمهوري اسلامي ايران، مسئوليت مدني دولت به عنوان يك تئوري مطرح نشده است و قاعده كلي لزوم جبران خسارات وجود ندارد. عليهذا بايستيﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺣﻘﻮق ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺷﻔﺎف، ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ دولت را روشن كند تا ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ اتكا به آن قوانين ،ﺣﻘﻮق ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪي ﺧﻮﯾﺶ را اﺳﺘﯿﻔﺎ نمايند.

Today, civil liability is accepted for natural and legal persons of private law, but civil responsibility arising from the practice of the state in the general sense is considered as a new topic in public law. The most fundamental issue in the field of civil responsibility is the basis of civil responsibility, based on philosophical ideas and ideas, as well as the extent of the development and progress of culture and the dominance of a political system. In terms of theoretical foundations, many philosophical ideas and ideas have been opposed to the principle of civil responsibility of the state, or they have no clear position. In the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the civil liability of the state is not raised as a theory, and there is no general rule of necessity for compensation. However, the transparency of the law on the rights of the state must be clear, to clarify the civil liability of the state, so that citizens can enforce their citizenship rights by relying on those laws.