پديد آورندگان :
جزء رمضاني، اميرحسين دانشگاه تهران , نوراني، محسن دانشگاه تهران , تفضلي، محمدرضا دانشگاه هنر تهران - دانشكده موسيقي
كليدواژه :
گوستاو مالر , مكتب دوم وين , اكسپرسيونيسم , اركستراسيون , هارموني
چكيده فارسي :
هدف از نوشتار اين مقاله بررسي آثار و زندگي موسيقايي گوستاو مالر آهنگساز اتريشي اواخر رومانتيك و تأثير آن بر آهنگسازاني همچون آرنولد شوئنبرگ، آنتون وِبِرن و آلبان بِرگ است. در تاريخ موسيقي، پس از بزرگاني نظير هايدن، موتسارت و بتهوون كه در دورۀ كلاسيك در شهر وين مشغول بكار بوده و به آهنگسازان مكتب وين معروف شدند، در اوايل قرن‌بيستم نيز اين شهر شاهد تجمع و ظهور آهنگسازان مهمي همچون شوئنبرگ به همراه دو شاگردش - وبرن و برگ- بود كه به سبب نفوذ آثار و عقايد هنري‌شان در مجامع موسيقي به آهنگسازان مكتب دوم وين شهرت يافتند. مكتب دوم وين، مانند ساير مكاتب هنري، در شاخصه‌هاي پيشرفت به يك زنجيرۀ تاريخي قبل از خود متصل ميشود. اين مقاله در كاركردي مقايسه‌اي و انطباقي نشان خواهد دادكه آهنگسازان اين مكتب در برخورد با عناصري نظير بافت موسيقي، هارموني، اركستراسيون و ساير عوامل موسيقايي پيرو تفكر مالر بوده‌اند. البته در اين رهگذر، مشخص ميشود كه مالر هم در آثار متأخر خود به نوعي متأثر از فعاليت‌هاي اين مكتب و خصوصاً شوئنبرگ بوده است؛ اما در رويكرد كلي اين مقاله نشان مي‌دهد كه مكتب دوم وين و منسوبين آن‌ها همگي در فراشد موسيقي به مالر و تفكر هنري او ارتباط مي‌يابند.
چكيده لاتين :
This article examines the works and musical life of Gustav Mahler, the late-romantic Austrian composer, and his influence on composers such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg. In the history of music, after the greats such as Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven who were active during the classical period in Vienna and are known as the Viennese School musicians, in the early 20th-century Vienna witnessed the rise of other significant composers such as Schoenberg and his students Webern and Berg, who because of the impact of their works and musical beliefs on the musical community, were later called the composers of the Second Viennese School. Aside from music, there are certain common aspects between this school and philosophy as well. The modern critical philosophy of the 20th century, namely the Frankfurt Philosophy School, is closely related to Theodor W. Adorno who was once Schoenberg’s student and this caused the Second Viennese School to become more widely-known in 20th century. This school, like other art schools, is connected to a historical tradition which links one to another in terms of development. Just as great composers such as Haydn, Beethoven, Wagner and Mahler are dependent upon the musical thoughts of their ancestors, musicians of all generations need to adopt the experiences of the ones before them. This article will show in an analogical and adaptive manner how composers of the Second Viennese School followed Mahler’s thoughts regarding their adaptation of musical elements such as texture, harmony, orchestration and other elements, and used his experiences in their own development of music. In order to reach credible and correct results in this research, the text has been divided into two segments. The first segment is a review on the musical literature of the past and topics related to Mahler’s artistic life in order to clarify his musical aspects and his artistic imagination for the reader. In the second segment, this article involves the analogy between Mahler’s musical ideas and the Second Viennese School. In this segment which can be considered to contain the main discussion of the material in this article, works of the three great composers of the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Webern and Berg) are compared and matched to Mahler’s musical ideas separately, and are discussed and examined thoroughly. We also examine some interesting points where we observe Mahler being influenced by these composers which is nothing new in the history of music. To name a few, we can consider Schoenberg’s Disfigured Night and Gurrelieder to have influenced Mahler’s harmonic point of view. However, Mahler’s Influence by far outweighs how much he was himself influenced, which is what motivated the authors of the article to explore this topic of interest. Mahler’s emotional support for this school and the inspiration caused by his works both contributed to the development of the new structure of the 20th century. In general, it is safe to say that the Second Viennese School and its composers are all consequences of Mahler’s rich music and his artistic thoughts.
