تأثير مشاوره‌ي گروهي به شيوه عقلاني-عاطفي اليس، بر اضطراب اجرايي نوازندگان نوآموز

The Effectiveness of Rational-Emotional Group Training on Amateur Musicians’ Performance Anxiety

هدف اصلي اين پژوهش بررسي ميزان اثربخشي مشاوره‌ي گروهي به شيوه عقلاني-عاطفي اليس، بر اضطراب اجرايي نوازندگان نوآموز موسيقي جهاني در اجراي صحنه‌اي است كه مبتني بر روش تجربي با طرح پيش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون با گروه كنترل انجام مي‌پذيرد. جامعه آماري مشتمل بر 60 نفر از نوازندگان آموزشگاه‌هاي موسيقي شهر كرج است كه بصورت غير تصادفي انتخاب و به‌طور تصادفي به دو گروه مطالعه و گواه تقسيم شدند. در گام نخست، براي هر دو گروه، پيش‌آزمون بصورت برگزاري اجراي اول در يك بافت عمومي صورت پذيرفت و در مرحله بعد آزمودني‌ها، پرسشنامه اضطراب صفت-حالت اسپيلبرگر تكميل كردند. در گام بعد گروه مورد مطالعه به مدت هشت جلسه تحت آموزش‌هاي عقلاني-عاطفي به صورت گروهي قرار گرفته و در پايان آموزش، پس‌آزمون براي هر دو گروه انجام ‌مي‌شود. تحليل داده‌ها با بهره‌گيري از نرم افزار spss و با آزمون t-مستقل و ديگر شاخص‌هاي آمار توصيفي صورت پذيرفته است. نتايج تحليل داده‌ها نشان مي‌دهد تفاوت ميانگين نمرات اضطراب حالتي در گروه آزمايش نسبت به گروه گواه به طور معني‌داري كاهش يافته (p <0.05) و مشاوره‌ي گروهي به شيوه عقلاني-عاطفي بر كاهش اضطراب اجرايي نوازندگان اثر معني‌دار مثبتي دارد. با توجه به يافته‌هاي اين پژوهش، مي‌توان نتيجه گرفت گنجاندن آموزش‌هاي عقلاني-عاطفي در فرآيند آموزش نوازندگي راهگشا است.

Performance anxiety-the exaggerated and incapacitating fear of performing in public-is a widespread problem among musicians. It occurs frequently and can cause considerable distress. This fear afflicts individuals who are generally prone to anxiety, particularly in the situation of high public exposure. Performance anxiety probably is as old as artistic performance itself, but psychological researches on it started only about some decades ago. Studies have shown that high percentages of anxiety disorders are common among both amateur and professional musicians during performance activities. Irrationality, perfectionism and catastrophic cognitions are the main characteristic of stress induced musicians. Unfortunately, these are the main cognitive reasons for increasing fear which reduces the success-ratio of their performances. Pessimistic self-talk, irrational beliefs and feeling of panic can seriously affect performance quality. One of the effective psychological treatments is cognitive restructuring, the process which attempts to modify habitual thoughts and attitudes; rationalizing the individuals’ irrational beliefs. Unfortunately, this kind of instruction did not exist in the performance curriculum. Rational-Emotional Therapy is one of the most prevalent cognitive methods applied to reduce the anxiety disorders. This method is based on Albert Ellis’s cognitive theory. From his point of view, our emotions are results of analyzing Activity events in our Beliefs, not the actual events per se. Irrational believes cause emotional distress and rational believes results in balanced emotions. Hence, each change in the process of analyzing the beliefs system leads to a change in the emotional consequences. The aim of the present study is to determine the effectiveness of rational- emotional group training on musician’s performance anxiety. The research method is an experimental one accompanied by both pre-test and post-test phases with one control group. Validated Spielberg state- trait anxiety inventory questionnaire were employed in order to assess the quantity of performer’s anxiety in each phase. The sample includes 60 (mean age=19.31 years, SD=2.46) amateur music performers who have at least 5 years of professional experience and 3 live performances. They had received instructions of a melodic instrument for a minimum mean (SD) time of 6.1(1.42) years in Karaj’s music institutes. Participants were selected by nonrandomized sampling and then were divided into two separate groups (experimental and control) randomly. Initially, the pre-test was performed for both groups by solo public performing and then Spielberger test anxiety inventory was fulfilled. Next, the experimental group underwent group rational-emotional restructuring and training for eight 2-hours consulting sessions. At the end of the training, post-test was performed for both groups. The data was analyzed by SPSS-22 and then the independent T- test was performed. The results showed a significant difference: the mean scores of state anxiety in the experimental group in comparison with that of the control group was decreased significantly (P<0.05). With a deductive overview, results showed group rational- emotional restructuring was effective in reducing musicians’ performance anxiety. Hence, according to this articles results, group rational and emotional trainings are recommended for performers in the educational process to control and decrease performance anxiety.