نفوذ روسيه و چالش هژموني غرب در حوزه درياي سياه

Russia Influence in the Black Sea Region

اين مقاله به نفوذ روسيه در حوزه درياي سياه و چالشي كه در نتيجه آن براي گسترش نظم هژمونيك تحت رهبري ايالات متحده در دوره پس از جنگ سرد در اين حوزه ايجاد شده است متمركز است. پس از فروپاشي و تجزيه شوروي، پويش هاي امنيتي جديدي در منطقه درياي سياه پديدار شده است، اين حوزه تا پيش از فروپاشي شوروي، شامل دولت هاي شوروي، بلغارستان، روماني و تركيه مي شد، كه در پي تجزيه شوروي، اوكراين و گرجستان نيز به دولت هايي مستقل در منطقه درياي سياه تبديل شده اند و فراتر از آن استقلال دولت هاي آسياي مركزي و قفقاز به گسترش پويش هاي امنيتي و روندهاي اقتصادي را در حوزه درياي سياه تقويت كرده است، بر اين اساس روسيه كنترل عصر جنگ سرد بر معادلات امنيتي حوزه درياي سياه را از دست داده است و به شيوه اي جديد در صدد بسط نفوذ خود در اين حوزه در مقابله با گسترش نفوذ ايالات متحده برآمده است كه در شكل نظم هژمونيك غربي تحت رهبري خود بويژه ناتو و نهادهاي اروپايي دنبال مي شود.

Following the collapse of the Soviet unio‎n in 1991, the Black Sea region was less geostrategically significant from a Western perspective, but it remained instrumental in shaping Russia’s concept of its “near abroad.” For Russia to achieve these long-term objectives, its supremacy in the Black Sea is a critically enabling factor. The unique geography of the region confers several geopolitical advantages to Russia in its confrontation with the West. As such, the Kremlin has sought measures to strengthen its hold over the region. Firstly, it has sought to weaken NATO’s ties to the regional states, working to drive wedges into these relationships, and using military force when necessary to stop the Alliance’s expansion. Secondly, it has been expanding its military capabilities in order to challenge NATO’s presence in the region and ultimately dominate the Black Sea.Russia has pursued highly aggressive policies in order to secure its dominance over the Black Sea region. What Moscow must bear in mind however, is that control over the region is not an end in itself, but the means to achieve a greater objective – to keep out NATO interference. In this regard, Russia’s measures have somewhat backfired. Concerned over Russia’s rising belligerence, NATO at the recent Warsaw Summit pledged to increase Allied military presence in the region. Besides strengthening Allied capabilities in the air, land, and sea, there will be increased allied visits to Romanian and Bulgarian ports, and enhanced inter-Alliance training and exercises.