پديد آورندگان :
عباس زاده افشار، فريده دانشگاه جيرفت - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم خاك , ايوبي، شمس اله دانشگاه صنعتي اصفهان - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم خاك , جعفري، اعظم دانشگاه باهنر كرمان - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم خاك
كليدواژه :
نقشهبرداري رقومي خاك , گروه بزرگ خاك , درخت تصميم , مدل رگرسيوني
چكيده فارسي :
نقشه توزيع مكاني كلاسهاي خاك براي استفاده مناسب از خاك و تصميمگيريهاي مديريتي مهم است. نقشه برداري رقومي خاك ميتواند توزيع مكاني از كلاسهاي خاك را به صورت كمّي پيشبيني كند. ماشين يادگيري اصطلاح كلي براي مجموعه گستردهاي از مدلها براي كشف الگوهاي موجود در دادهها و پيشبيني متغيرهاي مورد مطالعه است. اين مطالعه با هدف مقايسه سه مدل رگرسيون لجستيك چندجملهاي، رگرسيون درختي توسعهيافته و درخت تصميم و كارايي آنها در پيشبيني گروه بزرگهاي خاك در منطقه بم استان كرمان طراحي گرديد. يك طرح نمونهبرداري طبقهبندي شده تصادفي در منطقهاي به مساحت صد هزار هكتار تعريف شد و در نهايت، 126 خاكرخ حفر و بر اساس سيستم طبقهبندي آمريكايي تشريح و طبقه بندي گرديد. نتايج حاصل از مدلسازي نشان داد كه نقشه سطوح ژئومرفولوژي، يك ابزار مهم در روش‌هاي نقشهبرداري رقومي خاك است كه به افزايش دقت پيشبيني كمك مي‌كند. پس از سطوح ژئومرفيك، اجزاي سرزمين و شاخص‌هاي سنجش از دور به عنوان پارامترهاي كمكي مؤثر شناخته شدند. نتايج مقايسه دقت ارزيابي مدلها نشان داد كه بهترين پيشبيني مربوط به مدل درخت تصميم است. اين نتايج نشان ميدهد كه ساختار درختي ايجادشده بين متغير هدف و متغيرهاي انتخابشده در مدل باعث افزايش دقت اين مدل نسبت به مدلهاي رگرسيوني شده است. نتايج كلي نشان داد كه نقشهبرداري رقومي خاك، ميتواند به عنوان يك روش ارزيابي منابع خاك استفاده شود. علاوه بر اين، قابليت اطمينان نقشههاي برآوردشده ميتواند شروع يك بحث جديد بين متخصصان منابع زمين و خاكشناسان باشد. اين اطلاعات همچنين ميتواند براي تكميل مجموعه دادههاي موجود در كشور نيز استفاده شوند.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction Mapping the spatial distribution of soil taxonomic classes is important for informing soil use and management decisions. Digital soil mapping (DSM) can quantitatively predict the spatial distribution of soil taxonomic classes. DSM is the computer-assisted production of digital maps of soil type and soil properties. It typically implies use of mathematical and statistical models that combine information from soil observations with information contained in correlated variables and remote sensing images. Machine learning is a general term for a broad set of models used to discover patterns in data and to make predictions. Although machine learning is most often applied to large databases, it is an attractive tool for learning about and making spatial predictions of soil classes because knowledge about relationships between soil classes and environmental covariates is often poorly understood. Our objective was to compare multiple machine learning models (multinomial regression logistic, boosted regression trees and decision tree) for predicting soil great groups at Bam distinct in Kerman province.
Materials and Methods The study area, Bam district was located between 58°4΄17˝ to 58°28΄8˝ E longitudes and 28°52΄51˝ to 29°9΄29˝ N latitudes (Fig. 1), at Kerman province, (Southeastern Iran). The area is surrounded by mountains (dominantly limestone and volcanic) from northwest toward southeast with major landforms included young alluvial fans and pediment, clay flat and hills. The mean annual precipitation, temperature and potential evapotranspiration are respectively 64 mm, 23.8◦C and 3000 mm with Aridic and Hyper thermic soil moisture and temperate regimes Stratified sampling scheme were defined in 100000 hectares, and 126 soil profiles were excavated and described by Key of soil taxonomy. Our objective was to perform and compare multiple machine learning models for predicting soil taxonomic classes (great group level). The models were used in this study including, multinomial logistic regression (MLR), boosted regression trees (BRT) and decision tree (DT). We used 80/20 training/testing split (80% of the pedon observations were used for model training and 20% for model testing). Kappa index (KI), overall accuracy (OC), Brier scores (BS), User accuracy (UA) and producer accuracy (PA) were used to compare model accuracy.
Results and Discussion The profile description revealed the presence of two soil orders: Entisols and Aridisols that, subdivided in six suborders and eight great groups: Haplosalids, Haplocambids, Haplocalcids, Haplogypsids, Calcigypsids, Calciargids, Petrocalcids and Torriorthents. This testifies to the wide pedodiversity of the study area, considering that is characterized by the presence of eight soils great groups. Results showed that the geomorphology map contributed importantly to the prediction accuracy. This can be explained by the fact that the geomorphological surfaces have formed recently, or during a geological period with soil formation under conditions close to those of current processes in the arid regions. Terrain attributes and finally remote sensing indices after geomorphic surface were imported as predictors in the prediction. The best prediction result was obtained when characteristics derived from terrain, remote sensing and geomorphological processes were used together and when differentiation of geomorphological processes and overall heterogeneity identification and stratification of the study area was made. In areas where the distribution of predictors was more homogenous, the models can better understand and connect predictors and response. The spatial distribution of soils in the study area followed the distribution pattern of most geomorphological and terrain attributes. The results of model comparing indicated that decision tree was consistently the most accurate. The results of prediction accuracy of soil groups showed that the highest accuracy related Haplosalids, Calcigypsids and Petrocalcids soil great groups. The lowest of predictive quality was observed for Haplocalcids in three approaches. As a reliable and flexible approach, decision tree could be used successfully to prepare continuous digital soil maps.
Conclusion The application of decision trees for prediction of soil types could be a promising alternative. In digital soil mapping, the best prediction result was obtained when parameters derived from terrain, remote sensing and geomorphological processes were used together and when differentiation of geomorphological processes and overall heterogeneity identification and stratification of the study area was made. In areas where the distribution of predictors was more homogenous, the models can better understand and connect predictors and response. Altogether, an extended digital terrain analysis approach and clear description of geomorphological, geological and pedological processes could be a promising key technology in future soil mapping.
