پديد آورندگان :
رضاپور، نعيمه آموزش و پرورش شهرستان شاهرود , كمي، حاجي قلي دانشگاه گلستان - دانشكده علوم - گروه زيست شناسي , حيدري نصرآبادي، ميترا دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد پرند - گروه زيست شناسي
كليدواژه :
سمندر كوهستاني گرگان , بيضه , اسپرماتوژنز , گرگان
چكيده فارسي :
ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ ﺑﯿﻀﻪ در دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن دمدار )Urodela( ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻏﻮل ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎي آﺳﯿﺎﯾﯽ )Hynobiidae(، اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي اﺳﺖ و ﺑﯿﻀﻪ در ﺑﻮلﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﯽ ﺑﻠﻮغ در ﺳﺮﺗﺎ ﺳﺮ ﻣﺤﻮر ﭘﺸﺘﯽ- دﻣﯽ رﺷﺪ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﻨﺪ، در ﺣﺎﻟﯿﮑﻪ ﺑﯿﻀﻪ دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺪون دم )Anura( در ﺗﻮﺑﻮلﻫﺎ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. اﺳﭙﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮژﻧﺰ ﻧﯿﺰ در ﮐﯿﺴﺖ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﺗﻮﻟﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪاﻧﺪ
ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮريﮐﻪ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي زاﯾﺸﯽ را اﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﯾﮏ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ي زﻣﺎﻧﯽ از ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل در ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از اﯾ ﮔ ﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺳﻠﻮل زاﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﺑﻮده و ﮔﺎه ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ﻣﯽاﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ. ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻣﺬﮐﻮر، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺳﻠﻮل زاﯾﺸﯽ در دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﯽ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪار ﺑﯿﻨﺶ ﺑﺴﯿﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ
ﻣ ﻈﻮر ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ و ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﯿﻀﻪ و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﮐﻠﯽ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺳﭙﺮمﺳﺎز در ﭘﺎراداﮐﺘﯿﻠﻮدونﻫﺎﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﯾ ﻣ ﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﺪاد 16 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺮ از ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻏﺎري ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﯽ Paradactylodon gorganesis از ﺗﻨﻬﺎ زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه آن در ﻏﺎر ﺷﯿﺮ آﺑﺎد در 60 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺷﺮق ﮔﺮﮔﺎن در ﺷﺮق ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﺟﺒﺎل اﻟﺒﺮز در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن اﯾﺮان ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪ. ﭘﺲ
از ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ و ﺧﺎرج ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺑﯿﻀﻪﻫﺎ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﮑﻮﭘﯽ از روشﻫﺎي راﯾﺞ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و رﻧﮓآﻣﯿﺰي ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﮐﺴﯿﻠﯿﻦ- اﺋﻮزﯾ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. از ﻧﻈﺮ آﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﯿﻀﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 32/76 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮل و4/77 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮض داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺷﯿﺮي ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﮑﻮﭘﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻀﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻧﻮع ﻟﻮﺑﻮﻟﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻮده، اﺳﭙﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮژﻧﺰ اﻟﮕﻮي ﮐﯿﺴﺘﯽ دارد و ﻫﺮ ﮐﯿﺴﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎﯾﯽ در ﯾﮏ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ از ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﻤﻪي دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن اﺳﺖ. در ﺑﺎﻓﺖ زاﯾﺸﯽ، اﺳﭙﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﯿﺖ اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي اﺳﭙﺮمﺳﺎز ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮوه از ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﺗﻮﻟﯽ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﯾﮏ اﺳﭙﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﯿﺴﺖ ﯾﺎ ﮐﯿﺴﺖ اﺳﭙﺮمﺳﺎز را ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﯿﺴﺖﻫﺎ و ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺاﻧﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
In general, the testes in the Hynobiidae Family are slender. In urodela, the testis is organized in lobes increasing throughout the cephalocaudal axis during maturity. The anuran testis is organized in tubules. Spermatogenesis occurs in cysts composed by Sertoli cells enveloping germ cells at synchronous stages. Moreover, in numerous species, germ cell progression lasts a year, defining the sexual cycle. Due to the above quoted features, research on factors regulating germ cell progression in amphibians may reach greater insight compared to the mammalian animal models. In the present research, stages in spermatogenesis in Paradactylodon are identified and structurally described for the first time. To this end, 16 specimens of Paradactylodon gorganensis were captured and transferred to laboratory. The species is only found in the Shir-Abad Cave and the stream flowing from it, 60 km east of Gorgan (36 57' N, 55 01' E), in the eastern part of Alborz Mountains, in Golestan Province, northern Iran. After macroscopic analyses and obtaining the testicular fragments, the material was submitted to the histological routine to be included in paraffin and staining with haematoxylin/eosin. Anatomical studies showed that, in this species testis is slender and milk-white; and average length and diameter of active testis were 32.76 mm and 4.77 mm, respectively. Microscopic analyses studies showed that, in this species testis is ampullar and spermatogenesis occurs in cysts developed within seminiferous lobules. Each of these units clusters cells in the same stage of differentiation and with a synchronism development, common characteristic in the amphibians. In the germ tissue, the primary spermatocytes (mean 5.511 ± 0.537 μm) are the biggest spermatogenetic cells. With the cellular differentiation and proliferation, succeeded the other cellular types (spermatogonia, spermatocytes II, spermatids I and II, and spermatozoa) with a cystic organization, that is, groups of cells associated with Sertoli cells, forming the spermatogenetic cysts or spermatocysts. The spermatogenetic lineage cells were differentiated and identified according to the cellular and cystic morphology.
