چكيده لاتين :
River sediments are transmitted in two ways: either these substances are immersed in the flow of water, and they move with water, which is called suspended sediment, and the amount of suspended sediment that passes through a section of the river at a time They call a suspended load, or they move a slip, slide, jump, to which they say the bed load. Artificial neural network is a method that is based on the simulation of human brain function for solving various problems and the input, output, and median of the neuron layers and the weights associated with the input values and the bias and the stimulation function. The study area in this study is the catchment area of Golrood River.
Artificial neural network is a method whichwasprovided based on the simulation of human brain function for solving various problems and formed from the input, output, and median neuron layers and the weights associated with the input values and the bias and the stimulation function. One of the features of the artificial neural network can be referred to as the calculation of a definite function, the approximation of an unknown mapping, pattern recognition, signal processing, and learning (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000). The disadvantages of neural network methods are that it does not provide a function which can be used explicitly. Many studies have not been conducted on sedimentation using a neural network (Govindaraju&Ramachandra, 2000; Sarangi & Bhattacharya, 2005).Feedforward error back propagation neural networks with nonlinear functions (sigmoid) has high flexibility and can be very effective in approximating a function, finding the relation between input and output, and so on. In hydrology, the use of these networks is highly recommended considering the turbulence dominating runoff-sediment data, (Flood &Kartam, 1994).
Javadi and others (2015) in an article compared river sediment estimation method using two methods of artificial neural network and SVM in Iran. Then, the output of these models was compared with the experimental models and eventually the RMSE and R indices to compare these models were used. The results indicated that SVM model has better estimation than artificial neural network model. The RMSE was 75 for this model.
Semkol et al. (2016) estimated the amount of sediment in the Shiwan River in Taiwan. In this study, artificial neural network model and sediment rating curve method were used. The results showed that the MLP neural network model was able to provide an appropriate estimation of the amount of sediment with R value of 0.97 (Tfwala& Wang, 2016).Afan et al. (2016) also estimated the amount of river sediment in the Johouw River. In this study, two models of neural network RBF and FFNN were used. Finally, it was found that the FFNN model showed a much better performance than the RBF model. The R index of this study for the FFNN model was 0.92 and its RMSE was 26, while the RBF model had R value of 0.86 and a RMSE of 32 (Afan et al., 2015).
Summarizing the research history showed that the static regression methods did not have high accuracy in estimating the suspended sediment load discharge.In recent years, the focus of predictive models has also changed from linear regression to neural network models. Most researchers have been providing comparisons between different models of the neural network during these years and also, in their final modeling, tried to use the domain morphology factors in the final model to improve the accuracy of the final model. Therefore, the use of artificial neural network method and considering the dynamic behavior of sediment suspension load and considering the flow of previous days as an effective variable has been evaluated in this research.
Materials & methods
The study area
The study area in this research is the Gelerood river basin. This area is located in Borujerd, Lorestan province, west of Iran. The basin is between longitudes 48.30 to 48.55 degrees and latitudes 33.45 to 34.00 degrees. GeleroodRiver drains waters of an area of 70 square kilometers. The average height of this basin is 2350 meters. The river originates from a number of headwaters in the village of Vanai in the west of this city and receives other branch in the western part of the Boroujerd city in the vicinity of the Chogha hill from the north.
There are 8 stations named such as Doroud-Tireh, Doroud-Marbareh, DarehTakht-Marbareh, Vanai-Gelerood, Biatoun, Rahim-Abad, Water Organization and Chogha hill in the area of Silakhor plain in Dorood-Boroujerd area. In Gelerood river basin, two stations of Vanai and Water Organization have been used to estimate the amount of river sediment. The position of these two stations in relation to the Gelerood River and its sub-basins is shown in Fig 1.
Data used
In this study, the instantaneous flow rate- instantaneous sediment statistics recorded deposition related to the period 1971 to 2002 were used. These figures include the instantaneous daily flow rate per cubic meter per second and the instantaneous daily sediment per day that were measured simultaneously. Morphological characteristics of the basin including the area, length of the river and its environment using ArcGIS software and geomorphologic parameters of the basin using natural features of the basin have been calculated based on the guidelines of Singh et al. (2009) using the ArcHydro plugin installed on the above software. Results
So far, different prediction models have been used to estimate the sediment volume of rivers. Some of these models estimated the amount of sediment by combining various physical parameters of the domain, climate, and even satellite image outputs. Artificial neural network models are widely used today to predict geographic models. In this study, three models of artificial neural network RBF, artificial neural network MLP and multivariate linear regression model have been used to estimate river sediment.
After calculating the RMSE and MAE indices, given the lower the rate of these indicators, the predicted value is closer to the actual values, so MLP artificial neural network models have a better accuracy than the other two other models in estimating the region's sediment. On the other hand, according to the value of the index calculated for the three models, the accuracy of the model estimation is calculated 90.44 for the MLP model, the value for this model is 0.88. After the MLP artificial neural network model, the RBF artificial network model provides better results. In this model, the value of is 0.4, which indicates the estimate accuracy of the half of the MLP model. In the third place, the multivariate linear regression model with value is 0.3.
Two neural network models of MLP and RBF were also studied in this research. The MLP model was able to estimate sediment data with a better accuracy than other models. Thus, the feasibility of using feedforward neural network models in the estimation of sediment load can be confirmed. Based on the available time series, more accurate estimates require long periods of time, as well as considering climate changes in this research can help improve the results and accurately predict the amount of sediment. On the other hand, taking into account the soil type-specific parameters of the area and the potential for water penetration in the soil for each sub-basin can be effective in improving the results. The results of this study indicated that there is a significant relationship between the amount of suspended sediment production with the number and severity of runoff events. Among the physical characteristics, the area of the basin and the length of the main river are other factors that affect the estimation of the river downstream sedimentation rate.
As well as, recurrent neural network models can be used in the following studies, given that the stations are located along the other stations. Moreover, the combination of satellite imagery data can lead to more accurate models, given the fact that this data is also available to users from past periods.
