سيستان و حاكميت خلفا تفرق و زوال (30 250ق)

Sistan and Caliphs’ Rule Division and Fall :30-250 AH

ايالت سيستان از پس فتح اعراب عرصه آشوب درازدامني شد كه تا برآمدن حكومت صفاريان ادامه داشت. پژوهش حاضر به روش توصيفي - تحليلي، ريشه اين آشفتگي و سبب ناكارآمدي سياست خلفا در اين ايالت را آشكار مي كند. اين پژوهش نشان مي دهد كه سبب ناپايداري و زوال سيستان صرفا فعاليت خوارج نبوده است؛ بلكه موثرترين عامل، اعراب باديه نشيني بودند كه به محض فتح، در آن جا سكونت گرفته، افزون بر تاخت و غارت ايالت، موجب دو دستگي، منازعات ويرانگر قبيله اي و زمينه ساز ورود پيروان فرقه جنگ افروز خوارج به آن جا شدند. زنبيل و شورش نيروي هاي نامنظم بومي برضد ديگر عناصر ناپايداري نيز اسبابي مضاعف در تداوم آشفتگي سيستان بودند. سياست خلفا براي تغيير اين وضع از آن جا كه هربار تنها بر يكي از عوامل فوق تمركز داشت، ناموفق بود. سرانجام، شكست مكرر سياست آنان به برآمدن عياران از ميان همان نيروهاي بومي ايالت انجاميد كه همزمان به سلطه خلفا و آشفتگي سيستان پايان دادند.

The province of Sistan was the scene of perpetual turmoil following its conquest by Arabs, which lasted until the rise of the Safarids. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to explore the root causes of this turmoil and the incompetence of caliphs’ administration in this province. This study shows that Sistan's instability and decline was not merely provoked by activities of Khawārij, as the most influential factor in this regard was Bedouin Arabs. Upon conquering this land, they settled in this province, engaging in acts of plundering and looting, which further engendered divisions, tragic conflicts and internecine tribal clashes. It also prepared the ground for the entrance of Khawārij sect, which was known for its warmongering policies Zonbil and the rebellion of indigenous irregular forces against other sources of instability also contributed to the escalation of turmoil in Sistan. The caliphs’ policy to change this situation was unsuccessful as they narrowed down their focus on one of the above factors. Eventually, their recurring failures in politics resulted in the rise of Ayārān among the same native forces, which finally ended the caliphs’ rule and the tumult in Sistan.