نقش انواع سرمايه در مشاركت اقتصادي زنان: مطالعه تطبيقي كشورهاي اتحاديه اروپا و خاورميانه

The Effect of Capitals on Female Labour Force Participation: a Comparative Study on European unio‎n and Middle East Countries

نيروي انساني محرك اصلي و موتور توسعه جوامع است به‌گونه‌اي كه توليد ارزش و انباشت سرمايه و در بياني جامع‌تر توسعه بدون مشاركت نيروي انساني بسيار سخت و غيرممكن است. دراين‌بين، درحالي‌كه نيمي از جمعيت جوامع را زنان تشكيل مي‌دهند، نرخ مشاركت آنان در اقتصادها بسيار ناهمگون و از دامنه تغييرات بسيار بالايي برخوردار است. باوجوداينكه مشاركت زنان در بازار كار متأثر از متغيرهاي عامليتي و ساختاري است، به نظر مي‌رسد دامنه بالاي تغييرات اين نرخ در بين كشورها دلالت مؤكدي بر نقش متغيرهاي كلان و ساختاري دارد. روش: مقاله حاضر با دستمايه قرار دادن سازه سرمايه بر آن است كه با استفاده از داده‌هاي موجود انتشاريافته توسط سازمان بين‌المللي كار و مؤسسه لگاتم به بررسي رابطه و تأثير انواع سرمايه بر مشاركت اقتصادي زنان در بين كشورهاي اتحاديه اروپا و خاورميانه بپردازد. يافته‌ها: كشورهاي اتحاديه اروپا با نرخ بالاي مشاركت اقتصادي زنان و كشورهاي خاورميانه با مقدار پايين اين نرخ تفاوت معناداري در برخورداري از سرمايه و انواع آن (سرمايه اقتصادي، سرمايه اجتماعي و سرمايه نهادي) دارند. به عبارتي، بين برخورداري از انواع سرمايه و مشاركت اقتصادي زنان در كشورهاي مورد بررسي همبستگي مثبت وجود دارد. همچنين، تحليل رگرسيون خطي نشان داد كه سرمايه‌هاي مذكور حدود 70 درصد تغييرات مشاركت اقتصادي زنان در كشورهاي موردمطالعه را تبيين مي‌كند. بحث: سرمايه، ظرفيت و پتانسيل مثبتي است كه كنشهاي اقتصادي شهروندان را تسهيل مي‌كند. ازاين‌رو، شرايط خوب نهادي، مادي و اجتماعي مي‌تواند مشاركت اقتصادي را تسهيل نمايد. از سويي ديگر، جوامعي كه در آنها انواع سرمايه به‌وفور هست، نابرابرهاي جنسيتي ازجمله دسترسي به انواع سرمايه حداقل است. بنابراين، رونق انواع سرمايه و كاهش نابرابري جنسيتي بستري است كه مشاركت اقتصادي زنان مي‌تواند از مسير آن محقق مي‌شود.

In modern development literature, there are a lot of discussions about participation, especially economic participation. Economic participation is the essential part of economic development and lack of plating the participation backgrounds will challenge social system, as well as economic system. Inasmuch as one of the signs of development of societies is female economic participation, and their access to economic opportunities and employment represents their social status in different countries, so the status of women as half of the labour force potential of societies has made their economic acts to be of high importance. Furthermore, the investigation of female economic participation rate in both developing and developed countries shows that European developed countries (European unio‎n: EU) have high economic participation rate, but the Middle East countries such as Iran have quite lower level of the participation. Although female participation in labour market is affected by agency and structural factors, in this paper the major aim is to study the impact of capital construct (economic, institutional, and social capitals) on female economic participation. This paper was done using documentary method and secondary analysis of existing data represented by Legatum Institute and International Labour Force Organization. As shown by the results, the female laboure force participation rate in European and Middle East countries is respectively 50.4% and 29.3%. Indeed, although the average of total capital index in EU countries is 65.8%, it is 49.1% in Middle East countries, and there is a big difference between these two groups. This condition, more or less, occurs in all sub-indexes and indicators of this index. The study of distribution of capital kinds also shows that the highest difference belongs to institutional capital and the next levels belong to social and economic capitals respectively, and all declared differences were found to be statistically significant. Analytically, there is a positive and significant correlation between female economic participation rate in the studied countries and total capital index and its sub-indexes. The amount of this correlation with total capital index, institutional capital, economic capital, and social capital is respectively .794, .793, .765 and .688. Moreover, linear regression analysis represents that about 70% of female economic participation rate in the studied countries is explained by capital kinds. This result clearly emphasizes the impact of major and constructional variables on female economic participation in labour market. Standardized coefficient (β) amount also suggests that institutional capitals play a more important role in declaring the female participation in labour market (0.746). The next levels belong to economic (0.613) and social (0.526) capitals.