تحليل تاثير پديده‌هاي جغرافيايي در توزيع فضايي سكونت‌گاههاي عصر مفرغ (3000-1500 ق.م) اردبيل

The Analysis of the Geographic Phenomena Influence in Spatial Distribution Bronze (3000-1500 B.C) Age Settlements in Ardabil Province

مقاله حاضر درصدد است، براساس مطالعات باستان‌شناختي و جغرافيايي- كه در استان اردبيل صورت گرفته است،- به بررسي تحليلي نقش شرايط جغرافيايي و ساختارهاي طبيعي در شكل‌گيري، توسعه و افول قلعه‌هاي پيش از تاريخي استان اردبيل بپردازد. پژوهش حاضر به شيوه توصيفي– تحليلي و با رويكردي ميان‌رشته‌اي، با استفاده از تصاوير ماهواره‌اي پردازش شده، مستندات تاريخي، بررسي‌هاي سيستماتيك ميداني و كاوش‌هاي باستان‌شناسي، در پي پاسخ به اين پرسش است كه الگوي سكونتگاه‌هاي هزاره سوم و دوم پ.م استان اردبيل چگونه بوده و عوامل جغرافيايي و طبيعي در اين امر چگونه و تا چه حد تأثيرگذار بوده‌اند؟ نتايج تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد، پديده‌هاي جغرافيايي نقش بارزي در پراكنش فضايي، تعيين نوع كاركرد و ميزان اهميت قلعه‌هاي عصر مفرغ استان اردبيل داشته است. تحليل پراكنش فضايي قلعه‌ها و برهم كنش‌هاي سياسي- اقتصادي آن‌ها با يكديگر، اين فرضيه را به ذهن متبادر مي‌سازد كه الگوي حاكم بر تعاملات سياسي- اقتصادي قلعه‌هاي استان اردبيل، قرابت نزديكي با الگوي مكان مركزي كريستالر دارد؛ به گونه‌اي كه نظريه مكان مركزي در اين محدوده جغرافيايي قابل پيگيري است. براساس اين الگو، قلعه خسرو، قلعه مركزي بوده و در پيرامون آن قلعه‌‌هاي كوچكتري مانند زينو، شيندير شامي، كيچيك يوردي، شيطان داشي و ... قلعه‌هاي اقماري آن بوده‌اند. از جمله مشخصه‌هاي ظاهري قلعه مركزي (قلعه خسرو)، وسعت زياد محوطه و قرار داشتن يك گورستان بزرگ در كنار آن مي‌باشد. از مشخصه‌هاي اصلي قلعه‌هاي اقماري نيز مي‌توان به وسعت كم، پراكندگي در اطراف قلعه مركزي با فواصل مشخص، محافظت از حدود و ثغور قلعه مركزي و راههاي ارتباطي اشاره كرد.

Introduction Geography and geographical phenomena are the bed and factor for the formation of many tangible archaeological structures. The various factors such as climatic conditions, access to water resources, altitudes from surrounding land, natural defense structures such as rocks and mountains, access to natural resources such as pastures, etc. have been the most important factors to creating seasonal and perpetual settlements in ancient sites, from the prehistory to now. The impact of the geographic phenomena in absorption and excretion of human groups, the type and form of settlements, settlement sites and its displacement, utilization size of natural resources and etc. are abundant. This paper attempted to analyze the role of geographical phenomena in the formation, development and decline of the historic castles of Ardebil province. The answer to this question would be very difficult to determine which environmental factor was the main factor in choosing a place to live. Are the societies considered to be more the environmental factors or natural defenses? an‎d which factor is primarily relevant to the other? Is the combination and importance of several factors simultaneously visible in these areas? In this research, such topics will be available. Methodology The research methodology based on the use of aerial and satellite images, the use of historical documents, systematic field Surveys and archaeological excavations. In the systematic field surveys that were intensely surveyed, the following factors were effectively used: A) Local research, through communication with local people; B) Use of GIS to analyze of the relationship between settlement patterns and environmental features and the use of GPS to record the geographical coordinates of the ancient sites and historical fortresses; C) Study and review of aerial photographs and topographic maps of the region; D) More precisely, reviewing and navigating the places mentioned in historical texts and travelogues; E) Use of the registration form for each site;  Corresponding Author: Email: R_Rezaloo@uma.ac.ir تحليل تأثير پديدههاي جغرافيايي در ... - رضالو و همكاران 363 F) Analysis of Information, spatial and structural communication between historical fortresses and natural structures. Result and Discussion The study results indicate that the geographic phenomena have important role in the formation and spatial distribution of historic castles of Ardebil province. Analysis of the castles spatial distribution and the interaction of Eco-political them together, brings this assumption to mind that the pattern of Eco-political interaction in Ardabil province’s castles have resembled the central place model. According to this model, the Qalla Khosru is central fortress and it’s surrounding smaller castles like Zino, Shyndyr shami, Kychyk Jordi, Sheitan Dashy and ... are its hinterland places. The results of systematic field studies in the study area indicate that spatial distribution and settlement pattern of the castle settlements of Bronze Age in Ardabil pronince strongly influenced by natural factors, especially water resources.As the centrality of the Qalla Khosrow is dependent on the Qara Su River and the specific topography of the area. Generally, the historical and Archaeological evidence and desirable environments indicate the level of political, economic, and social development of Qala Khosrow than the peripheral satellite fortresses. The vast expanses of Qala Khosrow compared to the surrounding castles, the great cemetery beside it, and its valuable archaeological finds, provide the clearest and most direct reasons for the political, social and economic developments of the Qala Khosrow. Conclusion The results of the study indicate that geographic phenomena play a significant role in spatial distribution, determining the type of operation and the importance of the Bronze Age castles in Ardebil province. Analyzing of the spatial distribution of the forttresses and their inter-political-economic interactions suggests this hypothesis that the governing pattern on the political-economic interactions of the Castles of Ardabil province in the Bronze Age, is closely related to the pattern of the central location of the crystaller; So that the central location theory can be tracked in this geographic range. According to this pattern, the Qala Khosrow was a central castle, and in the its vicinity were the smaller satellite castles such as Zinou, Shindir Shami, Kichik Yurdi, Sheytan Dashi etc. One of the main features of the central castle (Qala Khosrow) is the vast expanse of the site and the presence of a large cemetery next to it. The main features of the satellite castles can also be point out to small extent, scattered in the around of the central castle with distinct distances, protecting of the central castle area and the communication routes. The results of this study have led to the development of the environmental and settlement patterns of the Bronze Age castles in Ardebil province to provide the necessary means to reconstruct its geographical environment in different periods of time.