چكيده لاتين :
Through the current century, cancer has been one of the most challenging diseases worldwide(1).
According to the latest statistical and epidemiological surveys, cancer is the third leading cause of
mortality in Iran following cardiovascular diseases and traffic accidents(2). It is expected to witness the
emergence of 130 new cases of cancer in Iran by 2025, which is at least 35% higher than the current
statistics. Maintaining the current situation and providing essential services to Iranian cancer patients
require an increase in resources. Therefore, it is significantly crucial to focus on this issue in the
country(3). The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced palliative care as a solution for
improving the life quality of patients with refractory diseases and their families. According to this
organization, 34% of patients requiring palliative care are cancer patients, only14% of whom receive
palliative care. It is notable that about 78% of these patients live in the low or middle-income
countries(4). Caring for cancer patients includes all stages of the disease, from diagnosis to the end of
patients’ life. Therefore, palliative care which provides comprehensive care for the patient and his/her
family is emphasized for these patients(5). Review of the literature on this topic showed strong and
definite evidence that confirmed the positive effect of palliative care services on the reduction of the
symptoms of disease and improvement of satisfaction and the quality of life of patients(6). Almost all
studies examining health care costs have found palliative care cost-effective for the health system and
the patient, which is more evident for cancer patients due to causing a reduction in the cost of care and
hospitalization(7). According to a study by the International Observatory on End of Life Care (IOELOC)
in the UK in 2011 on the overall condition of providing palliative care in the world, Iran was in the
group 2 based on 2006 annual report, which indicated the lack of formation of any structural activity
regarding palliative care in this country. However, based on the 2011 annual report, Iran has been
upgraded to the group 3a, which means providing palliative care in a limited and separate form. The
approach to the integration of care in developed countries is such that palliative care is provided globally
and systematically and is accessible to all people in the community(8). Evaluation of advanced health
systems demonstrated that various models of palliative care are applied for cancer patients, including
Hospice, home-based palliative care, hospital-based palliative care, ambulatory-based palliative care
clinics, pediatric palliative care, palliative care consultation services, spirituality palliative care model,
community-based palliative care model, and early based palliative care(9). For instance, as the leading
country in terms of palliative care, England provides 1139 palliative cares for adults (including 356
home-based care, 305 hospital counseling teams, 257 daily clinics, 158 Hospice, and 63 hospital beds)
and 258 pediatric palliative cares (including 112 hospital counseling teams, 112 home-care teams, and
34 Hospice).
In Iran, palliative care is not provided coherently for cancer patients, and no fundamental measures have
been taken to establish such models. Despite the importance of this topic, palliative care has become a
major challenge for the health system(8). In general, palliative care is often provided by a team as it is an interdisciplinary work, wherein nurses play an important role in helping the palliative care team
improve the patient’s condition(10). Nonetheless, most nurses, especially in the underdeveloped
countries, provide care to cancer patients through the typical means as they lack a thorough knowledge
of different palliative care models(1). On the other hand, palliative care is a highly complex issue and a
multi-dimensional concept. In Iran, the existing knowledge on palliative care has not been well-defined
and has not been seriously addressed in the education curriculum of nurses(11). Considering the
effectiveness of palliative care in improving the quality of life of patients at the end of life and reducing
the treatment costs in long-term, paying attention to the contexts and providing funding for establishing
various palliative care models in the country are essential and inevitable. In order to provide highquality
services to cancer patients in end stages, increase the familiarity of nurses with various palliative
care models in the nursing field, and use such models in care planning, it is necessary to put attention
to this issue on the agenda of health policymakers at various levels. In the end, it is recommended that
comprehensive reviews and operational studies be carried out with quantitative and qualitative
approaches to lay the foundation for this field.
