پديد آورندگان :
دوﺳﺘﯽﭘﺎﺷﺎﮐﻼﯾﯽ، سمانه داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ساري , ﺷﺎﻫﻨﻈﺮي، علي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ساري - گروه مهندسي آب , ﺟﻌﻔﺮي تلو كلايي، مهدي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ساري
كليدواژه :
زﻫﮑﺸﯽ دو ﻋمقي , زﻫﮑﺸﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ , ﺳﻄﺢ اﯾﺴﺘﺎﺑﯽ , هايولا 401
چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮐﺸﺖ دوم در اراﺿﯽ ﺷﺎﻟﯿﺰاري، ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﻣﺎﻧﺪاﺑﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از زﻫﮑﺶ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﺷﻮد. در ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ، ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي زﻫﮑﺸﯽ زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ، ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺎز ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ اﻗﺪام اﺻﻮﻟﯽ اﺣﺪاث ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. در ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺘﺎن و ﻫﻨﺪوﺳﺘﺎن، اﺟﺮاي زﻫﮑﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﭘﻨﺒﻪ، ﻧﯿﺸﮑﺮ، ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ،زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ در ﻣﺰارع ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ، ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰ اراﺿﯽ ﺷﺎﻟﯿﺰاري ﺑﻪ زﻫﮑﺶ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﺖ دوم ، ﻫﺎي زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮاﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﺮﻧﺞ دارد در اراﺿﯽ ﺷﺎﻟﯿﺰاري ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﯾﺪاﻻﺣﺪاث ﺑﻮدن ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي زﻫﮑﺸﯽ زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ در اراﺿﯽ ﺷﺎﻟﯿﺰاري ﺷﻤﺎل ﮐﺸﻮر، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮐﻠﺰا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﮐﺸﺖ دوم از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪن ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﻬﺒﻮد در ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪه، ﺑﺘﻮان ﭼﺸﻢاﻧﺪاز دﻗﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي آﯾﻨﺪه در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر دوﻟﺖ و ﮐﺸﺎورزان ﻗﺮار داد.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: در اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ، اﺛﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ زﻫﮑﺸﯽ زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ و ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ زﻫﮑﺸﯽ زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ دو عمقي همراه با تيمار شاهد بر عملكرد كلزا ( رقم هايولا 401) در اراﺿﯽ ﺷﺎﻟﯿﺰاري ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰ و ﻧﻮﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺳﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان كشت دوم مورد مقايسه قرار گرفت . آزمايش هاي لازم در قالب طرح بلوك ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 94- 1393 انجام شد . ﺳﻄﺢ اﯾﺴﺘﺎﺑﯽ به صورت روزانه ودر زمان برداشت برخي شاخص هاي ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻏﻼف در ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد داﻧﻪ در ﻏﻼف، وزن ﻫﺰارداﻧﻪ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮐﻠﺰا اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي شد . داده هاي بدست آمده از اين محصول با استفاده از نرم افزار آماري SAS در قالب طرح ﺑﻠﻮك ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦﻫﺎبا استفاده از آزمون LSD در سطح احتمال پنج درصد انجام شد .
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ :ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ آﻣﺎري دادهﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻏﻼف، وزن ﻫﺰارداﻧﻪ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي داراي زﻫﮑﺸﯽ زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ از ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي زﻫﮑﺸﯽ زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ، به طور معني داري 425 تا 1025 كيلو گرم در هكتار ، بيش تر از مقدار متناظر در تيمار شاهد بودند . با وجودﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﯽ در زﻣﺎن ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ، زﻫﮑﺶﻫﺎ ﺧﻮب ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﺮده و ﺳﻄﺢ اﯾﺴﺘﺎﺑﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮ از 30 سانتي متر قرارداشته كه باعث جوانه زني بيش تر و در نتيجه تعداد بوته بيش تري در اراضي داراي زهكش زيرزميني نسبت به تيمارشاهدشد.
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﻬﺒﻮد وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ و ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺳﺮﯾﻊﺗﺮ آب اﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﺧﺎك در ﻓﺼﻞ ﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﻠﺰا ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮐﻠﺰا در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر زﻫﮑﺸﯽ زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﮐﻠﯽ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي زﻫﮑﺸﯽ با عمق 90% متر و فاصله 30 متر، زﻫﮑﺸﯽ دو ﻋﻤﻘﯽ، زﻫﮑﺸﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻖ 0/65 متر و فاصله 30متر و زهكشي با عمق 0/65 متر و فاصله 15 متر به ترتيب 55 ، 35، 29، 22 درصد بيش تر از عملكرد داﻧﻪ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر زﻫﮑﺸﯽ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ و وﺳﻌﺖ زﯾﺎد اراﺿﯽ ﺷﺎﻟﯿﺰاري در ﺷﻤﺎل ﮐﺸﻮر، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اراﺿﯽ در ﻧﯿﻤﻪ دوم ﺳﺎل ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﻠﺰا ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ راﻫﮑﺎر اﺳﺎﺳﯽ در راﺳﺘﺎي اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ داﻧﻪ هاي روﻏﻨﯽ و دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدﮐﻔﺎﯾﯽ در اين امر ، مورد توجه قرار گيرد .
چكيده لاتين :
Background and Objectives: In order to provide feasibility of winter cropping in paddy fields, subsurface drainage systems should be installed to overcome waterlogging problems and to remove excess rainfall. In different countries, installation of subsurface drainage in paddy fields caused increases in yield and facilitated working conditions on the land. In Pakistan and India, the installation of subsurface drainage system resulted in increases in cotton, sugarcane, rice, and wheat yields. Totally, evaluation of influences of subsurface drainage systems showed positive effects on rice yields, also it can provide possibility of second crop in paddy fields. Because of new installation of subsurface drainage systems in Northern Iran paddy fields, investigation of canola yield as a second crop has a great importance. By determining amount of yield improvement and harvested yield, farmers and government will have good point of view in future work.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of three conventional subsurface drainage systems and a bi-level drainage system along with a control treatment on canola yield was investigated in paddy fields of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Experiments were done in randomized complete block design with 5 treatments in 2014-15. Water table depth were measured daily and in harvest time some of crop index like plant number in one square meter, pod number in plant, grain number in pod, 1000 grain weight and yield of canola were determined. Data were compared statistically by Combined ANOVA with least significant difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 probability level in SAS statistical software.
Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that plant number, pod number, 1000 grain weight in subsurface drainage treatments were significantly more than control treatment. Also, the canola yield in subsurface drainage treatments were significantly 425 to 1025 kg ha-1 more than that in control treatment. However the rainfall during germination time was much, the drains worked well and water table was lower than 30 cm.
Conclusion: Improvement of aeration and quicker discharge of excess water in subsurface drainage treatments during canola growing season caused more canola yield. Generally, grain yield in drainage treatment with 0.9 m depth and 30 m spacing, Bi-level drainage treatment, drainage treatment with 0.65 m depth and 30 m spacing and drainage treatment with 0.65 m depth and 15 m spacing were 55, 35, 29 and 22% more than that in control treatment. Due to these results and large areas of paddy fields in North of Iran, use of these areas during wet seasons for canola cultivation can be a helpful solution for producing oil grains and achieving to self-sufficiency.
