پديد آورندگان :
يوسفي، حسين دانشگاه تهران - گروه انرژي هاي نو و محيط زيست , محمدي، علي دانشگاه تهران - گروه انرژي هاي نو و محيط زيست , نوراللهي، يونس دانشگاه تهران - گروه انرژي هاي نو و محيط زيست , ساداتي نزاد، جواد دانشگاه تهران - گروه انرژي هاي نو و محيط زيست
كليدواژه :
ﺑﺤﺮان آب , ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ , ردﭘﺎي آب ﮔﻨﺪم , اﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﺮان
چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﺼﺮف آب ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﮐﻠﯿﺪي در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯾﺖ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان از ﻧﻘﺎط اﺻﻠﯽ ﻣﺼﺮف آب در ﮐﺸﻮر اﯾﺮان ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻄﺮح ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎي آﺑﺨﯿﺰ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ردﭘﺎي آب اﺳﺖ. در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﺮان، ﻫﻢ ﭼﻮن ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ، ﮐﺸﺎورزي از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن آب ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ردﭘﺎي آب ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﺸﺎورزي اﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﺮان و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺎﻏﯽ و زراﻋﯽ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ردﭘﺎي آب ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ردﭘﺎي آب ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻣﺎرﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﻬﺎد ﮐﺸﺎورزي، ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎﯾﯽ از اﺳﺘﺎن ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ﺳﻄﺢ زﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﺖ را داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﯿﺎز آﺑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﺮم ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ NetWat اﻓﺰار ﺷﺪه ﻧﺮم ﻣﯽ CropWat اﻓﺰار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪ. ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت و ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت دﺧﺎﻟﺖ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﯿﺰ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ آﻣﺎرﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ و ﮔﺮدآوري ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ردﭘﺎي آب ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ردﭘﺎي آب ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ.
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات زراﻋﯽ، ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺤﺘﻮي ردﭘﺎي آب، ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ از ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات ﺑﺎﻏﯽ مي باشد.بالاترين ميانگين ردپاي آب مربوط به محصول گندم (2539مترمكعب برتن)و پايين ترين ميانگين ردپاي آب مربوطه به محصول سيب ( 477مترمكعب برتن) بوده است. درمقايسه متناظر محصولات بين ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ، ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ردﭘﺎي آب ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ، ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ و ﻏﺮﺑﯽ اﺳﺘﺎن ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي وراﻣﯿﻦ و اﺳﻼﻣﺸﻬﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎ اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ دارﻧﺪ. وﻟﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺎﻏﯽ، ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن دﻣﺎوﻧﺪ داراي اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ اﺳﺖ.
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺼﺮف آب ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ، ﺣﺠﻢ زﯾﺎدي از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب اﺳﺘﺎن ﺻﺮف ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ردﭘﺎي آب
ﺳﺒﺰ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺳﺎﯾﺮ اﺟﺰاي ردﭘﺎي آب ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه اﺗﮑﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎرش ﺑﺎران و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺧﺎك اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺨﺶ اﻋﻈﻢ آب آﺑﯿﺎري از دﺳﺘﺮس ﮔﯿﺎه در اﺛﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺧﺎرج ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. اﯾﻦ در ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ زﯾﺎدي از آب ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ آب ﺷﺮب اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات، از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﮐﺮد. در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﺮان ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺎﻏﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﯾﺎﺑﺪ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﯽ از ﺧﺎرج ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
چكيده لاتين :
Background and Objectives: In recent years, water consumption management mentioned as key topics in the field of water resources management. Tehran province with Tehran city centrality, is considered as main point in water usage. One of the main indicators for using comprehensive watershed management is the water footprint index. In Tehran province the same as other areas, agriculture is the most water consumer. So the aims of this study are water footprint calculation for Tehran’s agricultural products and determine the most desirable county for produce crops and garden crops in water footprint prospective.
Materials and Methods: In order to calculate the water footprint of agricultural products, using the statistics provided by ministry of Agriculture, counties of the province with the highest production and crop area were identified. In the next step, information such as crops water requirement from the CropWat family software, crop yield and the parameters required in the calculations were calculated and aggregated through agricultural statistics. The water footprint was then caResults: The results showed that in the agricultural production sector, the amount of water contents is far more than garden products. The highest water footprint average was related to wheat (2539 m3 ton-1) and the lowest water footprint average was related to apple (477 m3 ton-1). Comparing the corresponding products among the common counties in the production, it became clear that from the water footprint perspective for crops especially wheat and barley, the southern and western counties of the province which means, Varamin and Islamshahr, have priority in compare to other areas. But for garden products, the Damavand has priority. lculated using the water footprint index method.
Conclusion: In the present study, water consumption for agricultural products analyzed and according to the results, a large volume of province water resources is used to produce these products. In all of the studied products, green water footprint was more than other water components, indicating the production reliance on rainfall and soil moisture and most of the irrigation water remove from the plant’s reach through water evaporation or penetration. This is due to the fact that a large volume of water is needed to provide drinking water, especially in Tehran, which should protect existing water resources by prioritizing production. In general, it is better to expand only garden crops in Tehran province and provide other crops from outside the city.
