كليدواژه :
توزيع دما , مدل دوبعدي چندلايه , توليد گرما , رسانش گرمايي , توزيع شار گرمايي
چكيده فارسي :
بخش قابل‌توجهي از گرماي مشاهده شده در سطح زمين، در مركز زمين توليد ميشود و بخشي ديگر نيز حاصل واپاشي مواد پرتوزا در پوسته است. اين گرما با روشهاي هدايت و همرفت، به سطح زمين منتقل ميشود.
دانستن شيب حرارتي زمين ميتواند در برآورد ميزان بلوغ و دگرگوني مواد آلي هيدروكربنزا و برآورد سن نسبي هيدروكربنزايي سنگ منشأ مفيد باشد. اهميت محاسبه توزيع دما و شار گرمايي در زمين آنجا مشخصتر ميشود كه ميتوان اين اطلاعات را به ساير پارامترهاي فيزيكي زمين نظير چگالي، سرعت امواج لرزهاي، خواص شيميايي و ذوب بخشي تبديل كرد و از آنها براي مدلسازي دقيقتر ناهنجاريها و لايه‌بندي‌هاي زيرسطحي استفاده كرد. شناخت اوليه زمينگرمايي ميتواند در صنعت اكتشاف و توليد نفت و گاز به‌‍‌ويژه در طراحي تركيب گِل حفاري، سيمان، ابزارهاي لاستيكي درونچاهي، به‌كارگيري ابزارهاي نمودارگيري و دستگاههاي الكترونيكي درونچاهي و طراحي لولههاي حفاري به‌كار‌گرفته‌شود.
در اين مطالعه، معادلهاي توسعه داده شده است كه نحوه توزيع دما و شار گرمايي را براي يك مقطع عمقي با تعداد لايه دلخواه حساب مي‌كند. هر لايه، توليد گرما و رسانش گرمايي مختص به خود را دارد. شرايط مرزي براي اين محاسبه، انتقال گرما در راستاي قائم و صرف‌نظر كردن از انتقال جانبي گرما و معين بودن دماي كف پايينترين لايه و سطح بالاترين لايه است كه در حالت واقعي (زمين) معمولاً دماي كف سنگكره و دماي سطح زمين درنظرگرفته‌ميشود. براي راستي‌آزمايي، اين معادله در محيط برنامهنويسي متلب توسعه داده شده و نحوه توزيع شار گرمايي و دما براي مدلهاي مصنوعي محاسبه شده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Plate tectonics provides a general framework for understanding the worldwide distribution of seismicity, volcanism, and mountain building. These phenomena are largely associated with plate interactions at plate margins. The basic mechanism responsible for plate tectonics must provide the energy for the earthquakes, volcanism, and mountain building. The only source of energy with sufficient magnitude is the heat from the interior of the Earth (~30 milliwatts per square meter). This heat is the result of the radioactive decay of the uranium isotopes 238U and 235U, the thorium isotope 232Th, and the potassium isotope 40K as well as the cooling of the Earth (~30 milliwatts per square meter). An accurate estimate of the heat lost from the interior of the Earth can be obtained from measurements of the surface heat flow.
By figuring out the temperature distribution in different depths of the Earth, it is possible to plot the heat flow diagram for those areas. Investigation of geothermal gradient is useful in estimating the maturity and transformation of hydrocarbon organic materials and estimating the relative age of hydrocarbonization of the source rocks. The importance of temperature and heat flow distribution calculation can be more obvious when we relate them to other physical parameters such as density, seismic velocity, chemical composition and melt fraction and use these parameters to more accurate modeling of anomalies and sub-surface layers. Primary understanding of geothermal gradient can be very applicable in oil and gas exploration and production; particularly in designing the combination of drilling mud, cement, rubber tools inside the well, using of digitization tools and electronic devices in the well and designing the drilling pipes.
The basic relation for conductive heat transport is Fourier’s law, which states that the heat flux at a point in a medium is directly proportional to the temperature gradient at that point. Using Fourier’s law, it is possible to compute temperature and heat flow distribution in a one-layer section, with boundary conditions such as given surface heat flow and surface temperature. In this paper, we use Fourier’s law and present a new formula which calculates the temperature and heat flow distribution for a depth section with desired number of layers which each layer has its own heat production and thermal conductivity. The boundary conditions for this calculation are the given temperature of the uppermost and lowermost layer and a steady state vertical heat conduction with no lateral heat variation. This is not far-fetched, because there are two boundaries with defined temperature in the Earth: LAB and surface of the Earth. So, we can determine the temperature and heat flow distribution for a lithospheric section with various number of layers with different thermal conductivity and heat production. For verification, this formula was written in MATLAB programming software and the distribution of heat flow and temperature for the synthetic models were calculated.
