حقوق مادي مخترعين صنايع دفاعي (مطالعه تطبيقي در چين، روسيه، آمريكا و ايران)

Inventors' Material Rights in Defense Industries (A Comparative Study in China, Russia, the United States and Iran)

نحوه حمايت از مخترعين صنعت دفاعي از چالش برانگيزترين موضوعات حقوق مالكيت فكري به حساب مي آيد. مسئله اين است كه از يك سو، طبق قواعد عام حقوق مالكيت فكري، حمايت از طريق اعطاي پتنت (به عنوان سندي دال بر مالكيت و حق بهره برداري انحصاري) مستلزم افشاي اطلاعات مربوط به اختراع است و از سوي ديگر، ضرورت هاي دفاعي كشور، اقتضاي حفظ محرمانگي اين اختراعات را دارد؛ به همين دليل اين سوال مطرح مي شود كه آيا حقوق مادي قابل اعطا به مخترعين صنعت دفاعي و در كل، روش حمايت از اين مخترعين بايد همانند روش حمايت از ساير مخترعين (مخترعين غيردفاعي) باشد؟ در مقاله حاضر، درصدد هستيم مطالعه اي تطبيقي در خصوص حقوق مادي قابل اعطا به مخترعين صنعت دفاعي در كشورهاي چين، روسيه، آمريكا و ايران انجام دهيم تا با بهره گيري از تجربيات اين كشورها، نظام حقوقي مناسب در خصوص حقوق مادي مخترعين صنعت دفاعي را شناسايي و معرفي كنيم؛ در نهايت چنين نتيجه مي گيريم كه اولا به دليل محدوديت هاي اجتناب ناپذير ناشي از محرمانگي اختراعات دفاعي و نظارت دولت بر بهره برداري از اين اختراعات، پرداخت مبلغي به عنوان غرامت يا پاداش در كنار حق مالكانه انحصاري كاملا منطقي و همسو با مصالح اقتصادي و دفاعي بوده و ثانيا، صدور گواهي براي حمايت از مخترعين صنعت دفاعي، هيچ مغايرتي با مباني نظام حقوق مالكيت فكري ندارد.

The way inventors in defense industries are championed is a more controversial issue in the Law on Intellectual Property. The problem is that on the one hand, as the general rules of intellectual property state, supporting inventors through granting patents (as a document indicating ownership and the right of exclusive use) involves the disclosure of information concerning inventions, and on the other hand, the country's defense imperatives require having to maintain confidentiality as related to these inventions. For this purpose, the question raised is that of whether the material rights capable of being granted to inventors in defense industry, and totally speaking, the way those inventors are supported should be the same as the way other inventors (i.e. non-defense inventors) are supported. In the present article, we seek to make a comparative study of the material rights capable of being granted to inventors in defense industry in China, Russia, the United States and Iran with library method in an effort to detect and introduce a convenient legal system as for inventors' material rights in defense industries in these countries. Finally, it is concluded that, firstly, due to inevitable limitations that follow from the confidentiality of defense inventions and the Administration's supervision over how these inventions are employed, making a payment as compensation or reward on top of exclusive property right is increasingly logical and closely aligned with defense and economic interests, and secondly, issuing patents in order to support the inventors in defense-related industries is far from colliding with the basics of intellectual property law.