بررسي شرايط و ويژگي‌هاي مطلوب قاضي از ديدگاه فقه تربيتي

Requirements of a Qualified Judge According to Educational Jurisprudence

دين اسلام براي نجات بشر از گمراهي، از ظلمت و جهالت آمده است. اساس اين دين بر تربيت بشر و هدايت او به سوي سعادت و كمال است. پرورش استعدادهاي مادي و معنوي انسان و خارج كردن آنها از حالت بالقوه و استعداد به فعليت، تربيت نام دارد. با تأمل در مضامين بلند آيات و روايات معصومين^ در تمام موضوعات، احكام و معارف آن، مي بينيم كه در تمام ساحات تربيتي نه تنها بيان و سخن دارد بلكه راه كارهاي متعددي ارائه داده است. فقها بايد با ارائه تحليل تربيتي از احكام و مباحث فقهي و تبيين و توصيف جنبه هاي تربيتي فقه، پويايي آن را به رخ بكشند. با نگاه تربيتي به باب قضا و شهادات و حدود و تعزيرات، به دستور العمل هايي از سوي شارع مقدس در صفات و شرايط قاضي، كيفيت حكم دادن، اجراي شهادت شهود و... دست يافتيم؛ كه نياز به بازخواني مجدد فقه در اين ابواب را با رويكرد فقه تربيتي و نقش آفريني آنها در تحصيل سعادت انسان در زندگي فردي، اجتماعي و دنيوي و اخروي روشن مي كند.

This article seeks to draw out the juridical standpoint concerning memorization of the Quran in Kindergartens using references and analytical method with emphasis on jurisprudential deduction. Memorization of the Quran means that a preschooler is persuaded or made to memorize the Quran at a time when he is not duty-bound. Since he is not under any religious obligation, the deduction of a juridical ruling becomes challenging. However, by scrutinizing the arguments regarding people who have no obligation, it can be inferred that those arguments apply to adults and categorically do not include children below the age of maturity. When it comes to the arguments, a general instruction can be inferred regarding memorization of the Quran per se which means that it is recommended for preschoolers to memorize the Quran. Given the fact that the narrations have not specified an age for memorization of the Quran and also the natural tendency of the child to spirituality and his memory power, in the eye of reason and custom there is no objection about a preschooler memorizing the Quran. As well, by clarifying the criterion through analyzing the significations of the narrations according to which teaching the Quran to a child is among the rights of a child upon his parents, we can, at least, deduce the desirability of teaching the memorization of the Quran. It is therefore not permissible to force them to learn the Quran. In case, this leads to their aversion or deviation in the future, it is forbidden.