كليدواژه :
ارزش‌گذاري , اقتصادي , حبوبات , زيست محيطي , گاز گلخانه اي
چكيده فارسي :
در اين مقاله تلاش شده است تا با استفاده از روش انتقال منافع و داده هاي حبوبات منتخب مهم ايران، ارزش كالاها و خدمات حبوبات در نظامهاي زراعي در سال 1393 برآورد شود. اين مطالعه نشان داد حبوبات نقش مهمي در تأمين نيازهاي پروتئيني خانوارها و منبع درآمدي كشاورزان در سطح مزرعه دارد. همچنين داراي خدمات و كاركردهاي مثبت فراوان به لحاظ اقتصادي، اجتماعي، زراعي و اكولوژيكي- زيست محيطي و آثار منفي خارجي مانند انتشار گازهاي گلخانه اي مي باشد. برآوردها نشان داد كه ارزش حبوبات در واحد سطح و نيز در سطح كلان در ايران به ترتيب برابر 60882/22 هزار ريال در هكتار و 48704071/12 ميليون ريال است. مجموع سهم خدمات اقتصادي و اجتماعي حبوبات 60/84 درصد مي باشد. همچنين مجموع سهم كاركردهاي زراعي و اكولوژيكي- زيستمحيطي حدود 39/16 درصد مي باشد. ارزش صرفه جويي آب توسط حبوبات ديم برابر 797570/02 ميليون ريال محاسبه شده است. علاوه بر آن، در مجموع هزينه زيستمحيطي انتشار N2O و CO2 حاصل از حبوبات منتخب برابر 8722/04 ميليون ريال برآورد شده است. با توجه به يافته هاي مطالعه، توجه به آثار مثبت خارجي حبوبات در نظامهاي زراعي ايران در سياستگزاريهاي كلان ملي به‌ويژه از بعد اختصاص بودجه تحقيقاتي توصيه شده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Pulses have an important role in supply of households' protein needs and income resource of farmers in
farm level. Also, it has abundant positive services and functions as economic, social, agronomic and
environment-ecological and negative externality such as greenhouse gases emissions. This paper tried to
estimate the value of Pulses' goods and services (PGS) in agronomic systems in 2014 using benefit transfer
methods, data of several local research and selected pulses' data of Iran.
Materials & Methods
Broadly defined, value can be defined as a framework for identifying positive or negative qualities in
events, objects, or situations. The total economics value (TEV) of any resource is a sum of two types of
values: Use values and Non-use values. In this study, only use values are considered. Economic valuation
assumes that these resources somehow impact on the utility or well-being of individuals. A number of
methods have been developed to elicit these changes in the utility (or well-being) of individuals. Generally,
these are classified into two major groups-Market-based approaches, and Non-market based approaches. One
of the conditions of market-based valuation is that the commodity is traded in a working market.
Market Based Valuation: Under market-based valuation, a link between the Pulses' service (goods
generated) and society’s preference is developed. If the good is commercial, it is bought and sold through the
marketplace. Its level reflects social preference (or value). If market price for a certain Pulses' service in the
marketplace exists, the price is directly used to evaluate the value of PGS.
Non-Market Valuation Methods: Non-market goods do not have a market price. Majority of PGS are
non-market goods, and require a different type of valuation methods. Main methods of non-market valuation
are the contingent valuation method, the travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and choice experiments. These
methods require data collection, which is both time consuming and resource-rich. If such methods cannot be
implemented, the next best alternative is to use the method of benefit transfer.
Benefit Transfer Method: When there is no market price for Pulses' goods and service and a primary
non-market valuation study is not an option due to time and cost constraints, method of value transfer (VT)
or benefit transfer (BT) is considered a key option to estimate the value of such a service.
Value (benefit) transfer is the process by which a value or demand function of a characteristic or a set of
environmental characteristics obtained from each valuation method in a location (original location) is used to
evaluate environmental goods or services in another location (location transfer). The VT method is widely
applied in the economic valuation of non-market environmental goods and services. There is no unanimity in
the economic literature for the use of the VT method. Some economists do not consider BT as a
methodology, but simply consider as transfer of estimates from one location to other location. Desvousges et
al, (1998) believed that transfer studies involve all advanced skills required to the main research. It is
recommended that caution must be exercised to ensure the validity of the method. Three principles are
suggested: (a) Population of both regions should be similar; (b) Goods or services in both locations should
have about the same characteristics; and (c) Initial estimated values should not be old because preferences
change over time. Results & Discussion
This study showed that that value of PGS in acreage unit and macro-level in Iran are 60882.22 thousand
rail per hectare and 48704071.12 million rial. Total share of the economic and social goods and services of
Pulses is 60.84 percent. Also, the total share of agronomic and environment-ecological services of pulses is
39.16 percent. The value of water saving of rainfed selected Pulses have been computed equal to 797570.02
million rial. Furthermore, total environment cost of N2O and CO2 gases emission of selected Pulses has
been estimated equal to 8722.04 million rial.
Conclusion
This study showed that Pulses' have high value in agronomic systems of Iran specialy on water saving in
rainfed lands. Furthermore, it has several goods and services that has market and non market value. Regard
to results, considering of externality of Pulses in agronomic systems of Iran in national policy making
especially in research budget allocation has been suggested.
