كليدواژه :
رقابت منطقه‌اي , رقابت ژئوپليتيكي , رقابت ژئواكونوميكي , رقابت ژئوكالچري , رقابت غيراستراتژيك
چكيده فارسي :
فضاي خاورميانه از سال 2011 با تغييرات و دگرگوني‌هاي مهمي مواجه شده است. يكي از آثار مهم اين دگرگوني‌ها كه پويش منطقه‌اي خاورميانه را تعريف كرده است، رقابت و منازعه سه ضلعي شكل گرفته بين ايران، عربستان سعودي و تركيه است كه از زواياي مختلفي قابل تبيين و ارزيابي است. يافته‌هاي پژوهش حاضر نشان مي‌دهد از دو نوع رقابت متصور بين دولت‌ها؛ يعني رقابت استراتژيك و رقابت غيراستراتژيك، ماهيت و يا چيستي رقابت بين ايران و تركيه را مي‌توان رقابتي غيراستراتژيك ناميد؛ بدين معني كه دو طرف، يكديگر را خصم و تهديدي عليه امنيت ملي خويش تصور ننموده‌اند، ولي به دلايل ژئوپليتيك و ايدئولوژيك درگير رقابتي مكاني (بر سر سرزمين، منابع)، موقعيتي (بر سر قدرت نسبي، موقعيت سياسي- اقتصادي و نفوذ سياسي بر منطقه) و رقابتي ايده‌اي (بر سر تحميل و يا القاي ايدئولوژي خود) شده‌اند. گرچه شروع اين رقابت‌ها به صورت جدي‌تر از سال 2003 ميلادي و از عراق پس از صدام آغاز شد، اما با رسيدن عرصه تحولات به سوريه، با توجه به نگراني‌ها و الزامات ژئوپلتيكي و ايدئولوژيك شديد دو بازيگر، رقابت شكل عميق‌تري به خود گرفت؛ به گونه‌اي كه در يك فضاي رئاليستي درگير رقابت بر مبناي برد– باخت شدند.
چكيده لاتين :
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The Arab Spring, which began in Tunisia and then swept through many Arab countries, began the launch of Iran and Turkey moves to play the role of superior regional power and compete for their desirable order. With these transformation, and in particular the crisis in Syria and Iraq, the two countries were affected by different, and sometimes opposing, national, regional, and ideological contradictions and the effects that these changes could have had for them in terms of win and lose, enter the realm of competition the head of influence, power and regional hegemony.
Methodology
This research, using an analytical- descriptive method and based on valid data, attempts to identify and analyze the reasons, motivations and the nature of Iran-Turkey competition in the Syria and Iraqi crisis.
Findings
The findings of this study are as follows:
1. The two countries of Iran and Turkey have long been rivals and even Ottoman times. In the Pahlavi era, competition between the two countries was reduced. During the eight-year Iraq war against Iran, there was little room for competition. After the 1990s, by 2011, the two countries competed in different fields, which Iraq was the most important. The Arab Spring revived the rivalry between the two countries, and the Syrian crisis reached its peak.
2. Important factors such as changes at the Turkish internal level, in particular the work of the AKP, regional changes and the shift in the balance of power in favor of Iran, and ultimately transnational factors, the rivalry between the United States and Russia, as well as Obama's doctrine, in the intensification of competition, they played a very important role.
3. In Syria and Iraq due to its geographical significance for the both Iran and Turkey and its effects on the national security of the two countries, the competition has become profound. It was become a win-loss game for two actors.
Analysis
1.The Nature of Iran-Turkey Rivalry in Iraq and Syria, can be Called Non -Strategic Competition. In other words, they didn’t compete with hostility and the sides did not design their Doctrine against each other. So competing in the form of competition can be evaluated and analyzed so that Rivalry.
2. The two countries of Iran and Turkey shaped the spatial competition for maintenance control and influence in Syrian conflict, because of the geopolitical importance of Syria and its role in reducing and increasing the power of the two countries.
3. Iran and Turkey as the two emerging powers sought to build a new region in accordance with their will and desires and therefore shaped a situational competition in the direction of influence, power and regional hegemony.
4. In the context of an ideological competition as well Turkey had put soft Islamic discourse in its agenda in the region after 2011, and the Islamic Republic of Iran also led revolutionary Islamic discourse and would have liked to win this discourse in the region, there for the competition between the two discourse on a desirable regional order, shaped an ideological rivalry between the two countries in Iraq and Syria.
Conclusion
The research results show that the two countries of Iran and Turkey have shaped a significant competition over the relative power share of the new regional fabric after the new developments in the Middle East. The events of Iraq and Syria culminated in the competition. Studies also show that in these cases ideological, geopolitical and economic considerations have been important. The common case of all of these competition has been security concerns. While the regional balance of power in favor of Iran and internal changes in Turkey have played a very important competitive game.
