كنترل بيولوژيك قارچ Mycogone perniciosa عامل بيماري حباب‌تر قارچ خوراكي با استفاده از چند گونه مخمر در شرايط آزمايشگاه و گلخانه

Biological control of Mycogone perniciosa, causal agent of wet bubble disease of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), using several yeast species under laboratory and greenhouse conditions

در پژوهش حاضر تاثير گونه‌هاي مخمر S. cervisiae، R. mucilaginosa، P. jadini و P. fermentans در شرايط آزمايشگاهي بر روي قارچ مايكوگون و بيماري حباب تر بررسي گرديد. براي اين منظور مكانيسم‌هاي آنتاگونيستي در شرايط آزمايشگاهي با سه روش كشت متقابل، تركيبات فرار و غير فرار براي بيمارگر و ميزبان بطور جداگانه انجام شد. در آزمون كشت متقابل هر چهار مخمر توانايي محدود كردن و رقابت با بيمارگر را داشتند ولي مخمرهاي S. cervisiae، P. jadini و P. fermentans كه كمترين شاخص انتخابي را نسبت به شاهد داشتند موثرترين مخمرها در كنترل بيماري حباب تر بودند. تركيبات فرار هر چهار مخمر باعث كنترل بيمارگر شد و تمام آنها كمترين شاخص انتخابي را نسبت به شاهد داشتند و در كنترل بيماري حباب تر موثر بودند. تأثير تركيبات غير فرار مخمرهاي P. fermantans، P. jadini و R. mucilaginosa جهت بازدارندگي از رشد بيمارگر در انتهاي آزمايش بيشتر بود ولي با لحاظ تمام نوبت‌هاي آماربرداري هر چهار مخمر كمترين شاخص انتخابي را نسبت به شاهد داشتند. در شرايط گلخانه نيز تأثير گونه هاي مخمر بر كنترل بيماري با بررسي وزن تر كلاهك انجام شد. در شرايط گلخانه مشخص شد بيشترين وزن تر و تعداد قارچ در برداشت اول و دوم مربوط به تيمارهاي بدون بيمارگر بود. همچنين در تيمارهاي آلوده تأثير مخمرهاي S. cervisiae و P. jadinii در حفظ وزن تر و تعداد قارچ برداشت اول و دوم بيشتر از بقيه بود. در مجموع استفاده از دو گونه مخمر S. cervisiae و P. jadinii جهت مديريت بيماري پيشنهاد مي‌شود.

Agaricus bisporus is one of the richest sources of nutrition and protein. In Iran, the high incidence of wet bobble desease has caused enormous damage to Agaricus bisporus. In recent years, the quantitative and qualitative damage of wet bobble disease has been controlled based on chemical methods that entail multiple environmental problems. Also, the host and disease are both fungi; hence, controlling this disease involves many difficulties. With this aim, the antagonistic mechanisms were carried out in laboratory conditions using three techniques of dual culture, volatile and non-volatile metabolites. The results of dual culture method showed that all of the four yeasts could restrict the impact of the disease and had the power to fight the pathogen. However, S. cervisiae, P. jadini, and P. fermentans, were the most effective yeasts to control the disease, and they did not have any negative effect on the host. The non-volatile metabolite of all yeasts could control the pathogen. Here too, the species had the greatest impact on controlling the disease, and they caused no negative effect on the host. The effects of non-volatile metabolites of R. mucilaginosa, P. jadini, and P. fermentans on prohibiting the growth of the pathogen was considerable. Nevertheless, in all of the experiments, the selective index of all yeasts was less than that of the control of disease, and they were observed to effectively control wet bubble with no negative influence on the host. The results demonstrated that in greenhouse conditions and in the first harvest, the highest fresh weight is related to the absence of pathogen treatments, also, in the case of infected treatments, the effect of S. cervisiae and P. jadini on preserving the fresh weight was more than others. In the first harvest, the highest number of host was related to the absence of pathogen treatments with S. cervisiae and P. jadini. As for the infected treatments, S. cervisiae and P. jadini were more frequent in the host and they could control the disease more effectively. In the second harvest, the highest fresh weight was observed in the absence of pathogen treatments with S. cervisiae and P. jadini. Also, regarding the infected treatments, S. cervisiae and P. jadini were more abundant in the fresh weight of the host and they could better control the disease. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the various infected treatments. It is suggested that both S. cervisiae and P. jadini be employed with special chemicals and suitable cultural methods to manage wet bubble.