برائت طبيب با تمسك به قاعده «اسقاط مالم يجب»

Physicians’ Exoneration by Resort to the Axiom "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" [Waiver of what is Probable to Come about]

اخذ برائت طبيب از بيمار يا ولي او قبل از انجام هر نوع عمل خاص درماني از قبيل اعمال جراحي، اندوسكوپي، پرتونگاري و... امر رايجي است. اين كه مشهور فقهاي اماميه براي رهايي پزشك معالج از بار سنگين مسووليت، اين راه كار فقهي را در قالب قاعده اسقاط «ما لم يجب» ارائه داده اند. در واقع بنا بر نظر مشهور فقهاي اماميه، طبيب عالم و حاذقي كه عملش به تلف عضو يا نفس منجر شود، ضامن است، مگر اين كه قبل از انجام عمليات طبي از بيمار يا ولي بيمار برائت خود را اخذ كرده باشد. تمسك به اين قاعده، اجتهاد در برابر نص و صحت برائت است، لذا به دليل وجود مقتضي اسقاط «ما لم يجب» محسوب نميشود. فقها ابراء را اسقاط «ما في الذمه» و اسقاط «ما لم يجب» را باطل مي دانند، در حالي كه مشهور فقها برائت طبيب را صحيح مي دانند. ظاهرا ماهيت برائت اصطلاحي با برائت طبيب بر اساس قاعده اسقاط «ما لم يجب» تعارض دارد. در پژوهش حاضر اين مساله تبيين و راه حل اين تعارض ارائه ميشود. در اين راستا، نخست ماهيت برائت طبيب و دلائل صحت آن بيان شده و سپس ماهيت قاعده شرح داده مي شود و نهايتا تعارض موجود و راه حل آن مورد بررسي قرار ميگيرد.

It is quite common for the physicians to acquire letters of exoneration from the patients or their custodians before performing any special sort of treatment measures, including surgery, endoscopy, radiotherapy and so forth. The majority of Imamiyyeh jurisprudents have offered this jurisprudential solution within the format of the axiom "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about" for relieving the corresponding physicians from the heavy load of responsibility. In fact, according to the well-known idea of Imamiyyeh jurisprudents, the knowledgeable and versatile physicians whose actions might result in the wastage of a body organ or life are held liable unless they acquire a letter of exoneration from their patients before performing a medical operation. The resort to this axiom is ijtihad against the plain text and authenticity of exoneration. Thus, it is not to be considered as "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about" due to the existence of an expediency of a type. The jurisprudents realize exoneration as the "Esqāt Mā Fi Al-Zimmah" meaning "the waiver of the thing to which an individual is obliged" hence negating "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about". This is while the majority of jurisprudents hold that the physicians are generally exonerated. Apparently, the nature of the common exoneration is in contradiction with the physicians’ specific exoneration based on the axiom "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about". The present study tries elaborating the issue and offering a solution to this conflict. In line with this, the nature of the physicians’ exoneration and the reasons of its authenticity are seminally expressed and the axiom’s nature is explicated subsequently and the existing conflict and the solution to it are eventually investigated.