واكاوي تشكيلات قضايي حكومت قراختاييان كرمان

Analysis of the Judiciary Organization of the Qara-Khitai Government of Kerman

تشكيلات قضايي همواره يكي از وجوه مهم نظام اداري حكومت ها به شمارمي رود و تمامي حكام، به ديوان قضا و قضاتي نيازمندند كه بتوانند در زدودن عوامل فساد به آنها ياري رسانده، عدل و داد را اقامه كنند. حكومت قراختاييان كرمان نيز از اين مهم مستثني نبوده و ازهمين رو، هدف پژوهش حاضر آن است تا ضمن بررسي اهميت و جايگاه منصب قضاوت و كاركردهاي قضات نزد قراختاييان كرمان، نحوه كار ديوان قضا در دوران حكومت مذكور را واكاوي كند و در پايان نيز مشهورترين قضات كرمان را كه هم زمان با حكومت قراختاييان به قضاوت مشغول بوده اند، معرفي كند. در همين راستا پرسش اصلي نوشتار حاضر عبارت است از اينكه تشكيلات قضايي كرمان عصر قراختاييان چگونه بوده و مهمترين قضات عصر قراختايي چه كساني بوده اند؟ نوشتار حاضر براساس ماهيت، از نوع تحقيقات توصيفي- تحليلي و تكنيك گردآوري اطلاعات آن نيز كتابخانه اي است. يافته هاي پژوهش دلالت بر آن دارد كه قضات عهد قراختايي كرمان علاوه بر وظيفه دادرسي، فعاليت هاي مهم و متفاوت ديگري نيز داشته اند. ديگر آنكه هم زمان با عهد قراختايي در كرمان، ديوان يارغو و ديوان مظالم وجود داشته و در حكم نهايي علاوه بر نظر قضات، راي حاكم قراختايي و حتي در مواردي دستور ايلخانان مغول هم زمان با قراختاييان، اثرگذار بوده است.

The judiciary has been always considered as one of the important aspects of the administrative systems of the governments, and all rulers need the Court of Justice and judges who can help them to eliminate the causes of corruption and to establish justice. The Qara-Khitai government of Kerman province cannot be considered as an exception. So, it has been tried, in present paper, to study the importance and the position of their judiciary system and the function of judges for Qara-Khitai government in Kerman to show how the Supreme Court worked during their period, and finally to introduce the most famous judges who interpreted and applied laws when Qara-Khitais were ruling in Kerman. In this regard, the main questions are: "How was judiciary organization of Kerman in the era of Qara-Khitai government?", and "Who were the most important judges of this period?" The present study has been conducted through a descriptive-analytic method on the basis of library documents. The results show that the judges held some other different and important responsibilities in addition to the task of judgment during the reign of Qara-Khitai dynasty. The other issue was that along with the Qara-Khitai's judiciary system, there were other judicial systems in Kerman such as Yarghu Court (Divan-e Yarghu) and public prosecutor's office (Divan-e Mazalem), and also, the Qara-Khitai rulers' opinion and, even in some cases, the orders of ruling Mongol Ilkhan could be effective on the final judgments.