تاثير ريسك اقتصادي بر كارآفريني زنان در كشورهاي منتخب جهان

The Effect of Economic Risk on Women's Entrepreneurship Activity in Selected Countries of the World

از آنجا كه زنان نيمي از جمعيت هر كشور را تشكيل ميد­هند لذا حمايت از فعاليت­هاي كارآفرينانه زنان مي‌تواند نقش موثري در رشد اقتصادي مستمر و باثبات كشورها داشته باشد. زنان كارآفرين به دليل ترس از شكست تمايل كمتري براي شروع يا ادامه فعاليت­هاي كارآفريني دارند. كيفيت پايين محيط نهادي، افزايش ترس از شكست و احتمال عدم قطعيت براي دستيابي بازدهي مورد انتظار نتيجه افزايش ريسك اقتصادي است. بنابراين، افزايش ريسك اقتصادي با افزايش احتمال عدم قطعيت براي دستيابي به بازدهي مورد انتظار و افزايش ترس از شكست باعث كاهش كارآفريني زنان­ مي‌شود. لذا مطالعه حاضر به بررسي تاثير ريسك اقتصادي بر كارآفريني زنان در كشورهاي منتخب جهان طي دوره 2015-2008 با استفاده از روش گشتاورهاي تعميم‌يافته (GMM) مي ­پردازد. نتايج پژوهش نشان مي­دهد، كاهش ريسك اقتصادي تاثير مثبت و معني­داري بر كارآفريني زنان دارد. همچنين متغيرهاي توسعه مالي، سرمايه انساني، سرمايه‌گذاري مستقيم خارجي تاثير مثبت و معني ­داري بر كارآفريني زنان دارند.

In economic literature, entrepreneurship has been strongly emphasized as one of the key determinants of economic growth and development. Given that almost women make up half of the population of each country, supporting of entrepreneurial activities of this group can play an effective role in Economic growth and development. Thus, one of the paths of women's participation for proceeding of goals of economic development is through entrepreneurship. Although, women's entrepreneurship has significantly different with men's entrepreneurship. women's entrepreneurship are less willing to start or continue entrepreneurial activities because of fear of failure. The low quality of the institutional environment, the increasing fear of failure, and the possibility of uncertainty for achieving expected returns are the result of increased economic risk. Therefore, increasing of economic risk by increasing the possibility of uncertainty for achieving expected returns and increasing fear of failure will reduce women's entrepreneurship. For this purpose, the present study seeks to investigate the effect of economic risk on world women's total early-stage entrepreneurship activity in selected countries of the world during 2008-2015 using the Generalized Method of Moments(GMM) method. The results of this study indicate that improving economic risk has a positive and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship. Also, variables of financial development, human capital index, direct foreign investment have a positive and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship.