بررسي پديده حركت سازه‌هاي جمله بر اساس «نظريۀ كپي حركت» و «اصل خطي‌شدگي» در زبان‌هاي فارسي باستان و فارسي ميانه (پژوهشي برپايۀ دستور زايشي)

The Copy Theory of Movement and Linearization in the Old and Middle Persian, A Study Based on Generative Grammar

اين مقاله به بررسي پديدۀ حركت سازه­ها در زبان­هاي فارسي باستان و فارسي ميانه بر اساس مباني نظري برنامۀ كمينه ­گرا اختصاص دارد. در مطالعۀ فرايند حركت سازه ­ها، اين موضوع بررسي مي­شود كه چرا كپي واحدهاي زباني جابه­ جاشده در زنجيرۀ متشكل از واحد زباني جابه­ جا شده و كپي آن،‌ نمي ­توانند تظاهر آوايي داشته باشند. حذف تمامي عناصر دروني يك زنجيره به غير از عامل اصلي زنجيره بر طبق «عمليات كاهش زنجيره»، شرايط لازم را براي تحقق اصل خطي ­شدگي فراهم مي­سازد. انتخاب عناصر يك زنجيره براي حذف توسط اصل اقتصادي تعيين مي­ شود. با توجه به اين موضوع كه عامل اصلي زنجيره داراي مشخصه­ هاي رسمي كمتري نسبت به ساير عوامل آن زنجيره است، حذف كپي عنصر جابه­ جاشده نسبت به حذف عامل اصلي زنجيره، اقتصادي­ تر مي­ نمايد. هدف از انجام اين پژوهش بررسي امكان كاربست اصول برنامۀ كمينه ­گرا به نام نظريۀ كپي حركت و اصل خطي­ شدگي عناصر واژگاني در زبان­هاي فارسي باستان و فارسي ميانه است. بررسي متون فارسي باستان و ميانه نشان­دهندۀ وجود پديدۀ نحوي حركت سازه ­ها در اين زبان­ هاست. بر اساس اين پژوهش «نظريۀ كپي حركت» و «اصل خطي­ شدگي» عناصر واژگاني جمله و همچنين« اصل كاهش زنجيرۀ» مطرح­ شده توسط نونز (1995) براي تبيين حركت سازه­ هاي جمله در زبان­هاي فارسي باستان و فارسي ميانه داراي كفايت هستند و با استفاده از آن­ها مي­توان ترتيب خطي اجزاي جمله و همچنين تظاهر آوايي اجزاي جمله را شرح داد.

In this paper, the movement of constituents of sentences in the old and middle Persian is studied based on the theoretical foundations of the Minimalist Programme (Chomsky 1995). According to the Copy Theory of Movement, the moved element leaves a copy and moves to the new location in the sentence and the moved element and its copy form a chain. The formed chain has only one element to be pronounced in the PF. The deletion of all elements in the formed chain except the head of chain based on the Chain Reduction Principle proposed by Nunes (1995) prepares the appropriate condition for realization of Linearization Principle. The selection of elements for deletion is done by the Economy Principle. By considering the fact that in the formed chain, the head of the chain has less formal features compared to the other elements (copies), so the deletion of the copies is more economical. The main purpose of doing this diachronic research is to study the feasibility of applying the principles of the Copy Theory of Movement and the Chain Reduction Principle for explaining the movement of the constituents in the Old and Middle Persian sentences. Studying of the word order and the moved constituents and also their pronunciations in the sentences of the Old and Middle Persian by considering the foundation of the Minimalist programme (Chomsky 1995 and Nunes 1995) shows that these notions are capable to explain the movement of constituents. The Persian language has free word order and the constituents can move to other locations in the sentences based on topicalization or focus movement. Having uninterpretable features of [uTpoic] or [uFocus], the moved elements can have their features checked and deleted under sisterhood by moving to the topic or focus phrase in the sentence but the remained copies have their [uTpoic] or [uFocus] features unchecked. According to the Economy Principle in Language derivation and the Chain Reduction Principlesuggested by Nunes (1995), the remained copy of the moved constituent in the sentencethe Old and Middle Persian should be deleted in the PF since it has more features than the moved element. The results of this study show that the explanations provided by the Linear Axiom Principle, Copy Theory of Movement, and the notion of Chain Reduction Principle help us to explain the syntactic phenomenon of movement and linearization and phonetic realization of constituents in the sentences of Old and Middle Persian appropriately.