كليدواژه :
متامدرنيسم , دليلو , كي صفر , ورملن و آكر , هم نشيني
چكيده فارسي :
به باور بعضي منتقدان، رمان هاي رمان نويس آمريكايي دان دليلو در حوزه مدرنيسم و از نظر برخي ديگر در حوزه پسامدرنيسم نوشته شده اند. در مقاله حاضر، آخرين رمان دليلو به نام كي صفر (2016) به منظور بررسي حيطه نگارشي آن واكاوي شده است. از آنجايي كه متامدرنيسم بر پايه نوسان بين مدرنيسم و پسامدرنيسم بنا شده است، اين پژوهش از ديدگاه منتقداني چون توماس ورملن و رابين ون دن آكر در مورد متامدرنيسم بهره گرفته است تا در اين رمان به بررسي هم نشيني هاي نوساني بين مدرنيسم و پسامدرنيسم بپردازد. بدين منظور، چهار عامل متقابل بين مدرنيسم و پسامدرنيسم ررسي شده اند كه عبارت اند از: ديدگاه هاي مثبت انديشانه و شكاكانه نسبت به مرگ و فناوري، صدق گفتار و كنايه، شيفتگي و بي تفاوتي نسبت به زندگي روزمره، و آرمان شهر و ويران شهر. يافته هاي اين پژوهش نشان مي دهد كه نمي توان اين رمان را كاملا مدرنيستي يا كاملا پسامدرنيستي در نظر گرفت؛ زيرا با اين كار بخش متقابل آن ناديده گرفته مي شود. پژوهش حاضر به اين نتيجه مي رسد كه كي صفر رماني متامدرنيستي است؛ زيرا در اين رمان گاهي ويژگي هاي مدرنيستي و گاهي مشخصه هاي پسامدرنيستي آن جلوه بيشتري پيدا مي كنند. رمان همچون آونگي، بينابين اين ويژگي هاي متضاد هم نشين نوسان مي كند و پويايي هردو-هيچكدام را به نمايش مي گذارد.
چكيده لاتين :
Don DeLillo's recent novel, Zero K (2016), simultaneously has both modernist and
postmodernist characteristics. Therefore, it cannot be considered a completely
modernist novel or a very postmodernist one. Due to such outstanding
juxtapositions, the present study suggests that Zero K is a metamodernist novel. As
Metamodernism is an oscillation between modernism and postmodernism, this
article aims to utilize Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin Van den Akker's theories
on Metamodernism and analyze the metamodern juxtapositions in this novel. In
order to apply their theories on the text of this novel, some oppositional modern
and postmodern characteristics are chosen to be analyzed. Besides, the point of
oscillation between the two poles of modernism and postmodernism is surveyed.
Generally, the philosophy of modernism is based on optimism and utopianism.
However, the philosophy of postmodernism is entirely focused on skepticism and
pessimism. Modernists believe in utopia but postmodernist believe in dystopia.
Some of the characters in this novel embody modernism and some of them embody
postmodernism. There are moments that they simultaneously become the
embodiment of these oppositional states. Furthermore, the language of modernist
works is not ironical but the language of postmodernist works is ironical and there
is no sign of sincerity in their speeches. Besides, quotidian and routine moments of
life are the focus of attention in modernist works but such moments aren’t much
valuable in postmodernist works. Such oppositional characteristics exist between
modernist and postmodernist in Zero K. The results of this study show that the
metamodern juxtapositions are illuminated in this novel through skeptical and
optimistic views toward science and technology, sincerity and irony, engagement
in and indifference to present moments, and utopia and dystopia. As Zero K
oscillates like a swinging pendulum between the above-mentioned juxtapositions,
and depicts the both-neither dynamic, it can be labeled as a metamodernist novel.
