پديد آورندگان :
پورمحمدي، مرضيه دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد قزوين - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي , داودپور، زهره دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد قزوين - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي , بحريني، حسين دانشگاه تهران پرديس هنرهاي زيبا - دانشكده شهرسازي
كليدواژه :
شهر , اسلام , شرق شناسي , نظريه هاي جديد شهرسازي , آرمان شهر
چكيده فارسي :
شهر اسلامي واژه اي است كه شرق شناسان ، عمدتا فرانسوي، با مطالعه كالبدي شهرهاي شمال افريقا، جعل كرده اند و پاره اي از ويژگي ها را درباره ي شهرهايي كه با آن برخورد داشتند بيان نمودند و به شهر اسلامي نسبت دادند در صورتي كه اين ويژگي ها برخي به اقليم و برخي به در هم آميختگي فرهنگ و آداب و رسوم سرزميني با فرهنگ اسلامي باز مي گردد كه هيچ كدام ربطي مستقيم با آموزه هاي تكويني و تشريعي جهان بيني اسلامي ندارد. براي بررسي مفهوم شهر در دين اسلام بايد به مهمترين كتاب آن يعني قرآن كريم و همچنين سنت پرداخته شود تا شايد بتوان ويژگي هاي تكويني و تشريعي شهر اسلامي را دريافت. در اين مقاله براي كاوش در مفهوم شهر از روش پديدارشناسي و تأويل متن استفاده شد و چهار مفهوم(بلد، قريه، مدينه و مصر) ازكتاب مبين براي شهر استخراج گرديد كه ويژگي هاي اين مفهوم توسط تفاسير علماي مطرح دين و بررسي روايات مربوطه توسط آنها روشن و تكميل شد و اين ويژگي ها با نظريات شرق شناسان درباره ي شهر اسلامي و با نظريات جديد شهرسازي در جهان و همچنين با ويژگي هاي شهر معاصر(اسلامي) مقايسه و تطبيق گرديد. بررسي هاي انجام شده نشان مي دهد كه در شريعت اسلامي براي نحوه ي زيست انسانها و سبك زندگي آنها دستورالعمل هاي مشخص وجود دارد كه تعيين كننده ي شرايط زيست آنها در شهر مي شوند و در نهايت شهر تحت تاثير اين شيو ه ي زيست و سبك زندگي شكل مي گيرد و كالبد آن را در كنار عوامل ديگر(فرهنگي، جغرافيايي و ...) مي سازد.آنچه امروزه شهر اسلامي ناميده مي شود، بسيار دور از آموزه هاي ياد شده است و نمي تواند شهر اسلامي باشد. شهري اسلامي است كه هم ظاهر آن و هم باطن آن اسلامي باشد.
چكيده لاتين :
Islamic city” is a term coined by mostly French orientalists who had undertaken the structural studies of cities in the northern Africa. They provided some characteristics of the cities they had observed (and not all cities with Muslim residents), and they attributed the characteristics to the Islamic city, despite the fact that some of these characteristics went back to climates, and others to the interminglement of cultures, manners, and customs of a land with the Islamic culture, which were not directly related to the existential and legislative doctrines within the Islamic worldview. Therefore, in order to scrutinize the concept of city in Islam, we need to consult its most important source, that is Quran, as well as the tradition (or hadiths, that is, the speeches and deeds of the household of the Islamic Prophet), so that the existential and legislative characteristics of the Islamic city might be understood. In this paper, the method of phenomenology and the text interpretation were used to explore the notion of the city, and the four concepts, i.e., “balad,” “qaryah,” “madina,” and “misr” were extracted from Quran. Features of these concepts were elaborated by drawing on exegeses provided by the prominent religious scholars and the investigation of the relevant hadiths. These features were then compared with the theories of the orientalists about the Islamic city as well as the modern theories of urbanization and features of the contemporary (Islamic) cities. Studies showed that in the Islamic Sharia, there are specific instructions for the people’s lifestyle, which determine the conditions in which they live in the city, and finally, the city is formed and its physical structure is constructed under the influence of such lifestyle, along with the other factors (cultural, geographical, etc.). What is known today as the Islamic city is very far from the aforementioned doctrines, and cannot be the Islamic city. A city is Islamic if both its appearance and essences (people’s ethics and behavior) are Islamic.
