بازتعريف ضوابط شهرسازي استقرار بنا با رويكرد حفاظت از بافت هاي تاريخي شهرها (نمونه موردي شهر لاهيجان)

Redefining the Building Placement Urbanism Regulations With an Approach to The Conservation of The Historical Urban Fabrics: A Case Study of Lahijān City

بر خلاف ضابطه فعلي نحوه استقرار ساختماني مورد استفاده در شهرهاي حاشيه جنوبي درياي خزر كه به صورت درصدي از عمق زمين (معمولاً 60 درصد) به صورت برساز يا عقب­ ساز تعريف مي­شود و در اصل بر الگوهاي گونه­ شناختي-ريخت­ شناختي رايج در شهرسازي غربي مبتني است، پژوهش حاضر به دنبال آن است كه به ­كارگيري الگوهاي متناظر بومي را به عنوان مبناي تدوين ضوابط جديد پيشنهاد نمايد؛ چرا كه بررسي عملكرد ضابطه فعلي حاكي از ناكارآمدي آن در ايجاد پيوستگي بين ساخت و سازهاي جديد و قديم در بافت­هاي تاريخي مورد نظر مي­باشد. در پژوهش حاضر بر مبناي مرور تجربيات جهاني مرتبط تلاش مي­شود تا نخست ويژگي­هاي يك رويكرد اصولي نسبت به موضوع شناسايي گردد كه در اين زمينه رويكرد تدوين ضوابط بر اساس مطالعات گونه-ريخت شناسي مورد نظر قرار مي­گيرد. به دنبال آن جهت رسيدن به نتايج دقيق و كاربردي در اين زمينه لاهيجان، يكي از شهرهاي كهن حاشيه جنوبي درياي خزر، به عنوان نمونه موردي بررسي مي ­شود و بر اساس بررسي عكس هاي هوايي موجود، براي اين شهر جدول اولويت بندي الگوهاي بومي نحوه استقرار ساختماني در پلاك­هاي شهري تدوين مي گردد. اين جدول شامل معرفي و اولويت­ بندي 20 الگوي بومي استقرار ساختماني است كه در دو دسته كلي الگوهاي دور-ساز و وسط-ساز (يا كوشكي) طبقه ­بندي مي­ شوند. پژوهش حاضر را مي­توان يك گام اوليه مهم و ضروري در تدوين ضوابط مبتني بر بوم و به دنبال آن حفاظت از بافت­هاي تاريخي شهرهاي حاشيه جنوبي درياي خزر محسوب نمود.

The current research was an attempt to reconsider one of the key regulations in the contemporary building control system pertaining to the historical fabrics of the old cities in the southern coasts of the Caspian sea. It specifically concentrated on the building placement and the plot coverage regulations. These two interwoven regulations perform as a mediator between the urban design and the architectural design disciplines. The research emphasized that these regulations should be based on the vernacular building placement patterns. In this paper, first a report was presented on the negative effects of the current building placement and the plot coverage regulations. After that it was attempted to identify the principal characteristics of a desirable approach to the topic based on an analysis of a number of the relevant international experiments. Next, as a case study, the historical urban fabric of Lahijān city, an old city in the Guilān province, was examined. An examination of the aerial photos of the city, and the extensive field visits indicated that in the vernacular architecture of Lahijān city, there were two main types of the building placement patterns. First and the most common pattern was the perimiter placement of the residential building(s) in a plot of land. It could take 15 different forms. The second pattern was a pavilion-like placement pattern which could take 5 different forms of arrangement. In order to investigate the frequency of each pattern, in the aerial photo of the city of 1956, the whole city was divided into 50 square pieces among which 10 pieces were selected and examined. In each piece, the number of houses that used any one of those placement patterns was calculated. In sum, 286 houses were examined and the most popular patterns were identified. These vernacular patterns could be used as a basis for rewriting the relevant regulations.