آموختن از گذشته، كاربست نحو فضاي خانه عطروش و محتشم شيراز در تداوم حس تعلق مكان ويلاهاي معاصر

Learning from the past; applying space syntax theory in Atrvash and Mohtasham houses in continuity of sense of place in contemporary houses

ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ از دﯾﺪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺎن ﻣﻌﻤﺎري از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺎداﺋﻮ آﻧﺪو ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻼﻓﺼﻞﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آدﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ )روزﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﺮق، 1390(، ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻮاردي از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺳﺒﮏ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﯾﺮاﻧﯿﺎن ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮدر ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ و ﺗﻌﺎرﯾﻒ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ اﯾﺮان داراي ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺎن را در اﻧﺴﺎن اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ زﻧﺪه ﻧﮕﻪ دارﻧﺪ و روح ﻓﻀﺎ را از ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ، اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﺪهاي از راهﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي وﯾﻼﯾﯽ در اﯾﺮان ﺷﻮد. از اﯾﻦ رو ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﻮال ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎي ﺷﮑﻞدﻫﻨﺪه ﺣﺲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺎن در ﺧﺎﻧﻪ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﮐﺪاﻣﻨﺪ و ﮐﺪامﯾﮏ از ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ و ﺑﺎزاﻧﺪﯾﺸﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﮐﺪام ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮد، ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻧﻮع، ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ )ﻫﺎﯾﺒﺮﯾﺪ(، ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻪ روش ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺎن ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮردي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﻋﻄﺮوش و ﻣﺤﺘﺸﻢ ﺷﯿﺮاز و ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي وﯾﻼﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎمﻫﺎي وﯾﻼي ﻣﺴﻌﻮدي و آﺧﺮ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺎز راﯾﺎﻧﻪاي دﭘﺚ ﻣﭗ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭼﯿﺪﻣﺎن ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺮ دو ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺪرن و ﺳﻨﺘﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن راهﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﯽ، ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ و ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺐ در ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار در ﺣﺲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯽ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در اﯾﺠﺎد ﺣﺲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻓﻀﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ دو وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ IEQ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﯾﺮي( و آﺳﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ شده است. ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺷﺒﯿﻪﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردي ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﺟﺰاﯾﯽ ﭼﻮن داﻻن ورودي، داﻻنﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﻬﯽ ﺑﻪ اﺗﺎقﻫﺎي ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ و ﻫﺸﺘﯽ در ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺪرن ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮوز ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺗﯽ از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﻋﺪم ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪي ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ در اﯾﺠﺎ د ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪﻣﺮاﺗﺐ و ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺗﺎقﻫﺎي ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﮐﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻧﺒﻮدﻧﺪ در ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎزآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ اﺣﺘﺮام ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ اﻓﺮاد ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده و ﻣﻬﯿﺎ ﺷﺪن ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺎر در ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ دﯾﺪه ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺧﺎﻧﻪ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ، ﺑﺎ اﻟﮕﻮ ﺑﺮداري از ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ و ﺑﺎزآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ اﺟﺰاي ﺣﯿﺎط ﻣﺮﮐﺰي، ﻫﺸﺘﯽ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي واﺳﻂ ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ اﺣﺴﺎس ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي ﺳﺎﮐﻨﯿﻦ ﺷﻮد

The houses are the nearest spaces related to human. The changes in Iranian lifestyle have resulted in a change in modern houses architecture. Iranian traditional houses sound to have the characteristics which can keep alive the sense of place in people and transfer the space soul from the past days to the present. This vital point can be the main part of vernacular design solutions for villas in Iran. therefore the following questions arise: what are the components that create sense of belonging in Iranian houses? an‎d which one of those needs to be recreated or rethought and which one preserved? Research method in this project was practical and due to it’s hybrid nature, included both library methods with a focus on analysis of sense of belonging and case studies through observation of traditional houses, Atrvash and Mohtasham in Shiraz as well as Masudi and Akhar-e Hafte villa. Then, the analysis through computer simulation (Depth Map) was examined in order to study spatial arrangements in both modern and traditional modes and compare the collected data and obtain vernacular methods to design modern villas. The pros and cons of each sample in achieving the influencing factors of sense of place were identified and the influencing physical factors of sense of place were extracted using logical reasoning which led to two physical characteristics of IEQ (flexibility) and comfort. analysis of simulations on samples demonstrated the elements such as entrance corridors and corridors leading to rooms and vestibule have been removed in modern houses which has caused deficiency of spaces in creating spatial hierarchy and privacy. On the other hand, the places like private rooms that were not often personal have been reintroduced in modern houses that has increased the respect to the privacy of family members and has created a place for working at home. Finally, it can be mentioned that Iranian house architecture can raise the level of sense of place for inhabitants by using the model of traditional houses and recreating central courtyard, vestibule and increasing efficient intermediate spaces.