مطالعه تطبيقي تزئينات محراب‌هاي مسجد-مدرسه زوزن و مسجد فرومد

A Comparative Study of Decorations of Altars of Zoozan and Foroumad Mosques

محراب‌هاي مسجد - مدرسه زوزن و مسجد فرومد از يادگارهاي معماري عصر سلجوقي و ايلخاني است كه به لحاظ ارزش تزيينات گچ‌بري و نوع نوشتار در خور توجه و قابل‌تأمل‌ مي­ باشند. شناخت شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌هاي تزيينات و خوانش كتيبه محراب‌ها از اهداف مقاله حاضر بوده كه با اين سؤال آغاز مي‌شود ساختار بصري كتيبه و آرايه در اين دو محراب چيست؟ روش پژوهش توصيفي، تحليلي و تاريخي و جمع‌آوري اطلاعات كتابخانه‌اي و ميداني است. متن كتيبه‌هاي محراب زوزن با آياتي از سوره‌هاي مباركه مائده و مؤمنون با خط تزييني كوفي و محراب فرومد به آياتي از سوره‌هاي مباركه مريم، حج و بقره با خط كوفي تزييني، ثلث و رقاع مزين گرديده است. يافته‌ها نشان مي‌دهند ساختار و تركيب‌بندي خط نگاره‌هاي محراب‌ها مشخصاً شاهد اصل هماهنگي در بستر كتيبه‌هاي محراب مسجد زوزن و تنوع در محراب مسجد فرومد مي‌باشد. نگاره‌هاي محراب زوزن صرفاً تزييني و در محراب فرومد در راستاي هماهنگي با نوشتار است و فضاي در اختيار هنرمندِ كتيبه‌نويس و طراح، با درايت استفاده گرديده و از منظر تناسبات طلايي مسجد فرومد از فضاي بسيار پوياتري برخوردار است.

Jame mosque-school of Zoozan and Jame mosque of Foroumad were built during Saljooghi and Ilkhani dynasties in khorasan. These two historic buildings were built in the 5th to 7th centuries AH. The decorations of these mosques, especially the altar, are well known to the people of culture and art. The altars of both of the monuments include magnificent inscriptions and decorations. In this paper, we analyze features of inscriptions of these two monuments and investigate the differences and similarities between them. Also read the inscription of the altar is the others goals of the paper. The question of the research is this: What is the visual structure of the inscriptions and arrays in these two altar? The research method is descriptive, analytical and historical. Data collection was based on documentary and case studies. In this regard, at first, two altars were photographed. After planning the altar, its decorations were analyzed and the decorations and inscriptions were classified. Then, these data were set in the tables and a comparative study was made on the form and form on the decorations. In the final stage, the characteristics of the stucco of each period and the style of inscription were examined. The motives are divided into two parts: Inscription and motif. The motives are classified into geometric and vegetative forms. The structure of the words and letters of the inscriptions from the visual arts, It has a cross-sectional relationship with the component. The text of the inscriptions includes verses from the Holy Qur'an, which refer to matters concerning believers. The scrolls of the altar of the Zoozan Mosque include verses of Sura Ma'edeh and Mu'minoon of Quran. There are two other inscriptions called benefactor and the maker of the altar. It should be noted that the inscriptions of this altar have been written with the decorative Kofi calligraphy. The inscriptions used on the altar of the mosque of Froumad include verses of Surah Baqarah and Maryam. Of course, it should be noted that the arch inscription arch was not read due to confusion. These inscriptions are written with Kofi and sols Calligraphies. The findings show: The structure and composition of the altar of the mosque-school of Zoozan emphasizes the principle of harmony and in the altar of Foroumad mosque follows the principle of diversity. The altar decorations of Zoozan are merely decorative and the decorations of the Foroumad altar are in harmony with the text. In fact, it should be noted that the image and appearance of calligraphy is highlighted in the altar of Z00zan Mosque. This is while the decorations in the altar of the Masood Foroumad are more visibleCertainly, the artist and designer has used the space of the altar with tact. In terms of golden ratio, the altar of the mosque of Froud has a much more dynamic space than the altar of Foroumad mosque.