پژوهشي در تأثير تنگدستي دائن بر مسئله مستثنيات دين

A Research on the Impact of Creditor’s Indigence on the Issue of Debt Exemptions

يكي از مسائل مبتلابه در محاكم مدني از گذشته تا حال مستثنيات دين است. فقها و حقوق‌دانان در اين مسئله معتقدند كه اگر مديون اموالي به جز خانه و برخي ديگر از ضروريات زندگي نداشته باشد، دائن نمي‌تواند او را وادار به فروش آن اموال كند. ابعاد مختلف مستثنيات دين در كتب فقها و پژوهش‌هاي فقهي و حقوقي مورد كنكاش قرار گرفته است؛ اما آنچه بدان پرداخته نشده، تأثير شرايط مالي دائن بر حكم مستثنيات دين است. اين سؤال كه آيا اگر دائن خود در عسر و حرج باشد، باز هم مي‌توان حكم به استثناء برخي اموال مديون كرد؟ سؤالي است كه در اين پژوهش از لابه‌لاي كتب فقهي، روايي و حقوقي سعي بر پاسخ‌دهي به آن شده است. در پايان پس از بررسي ادله مستثنيات دين كه عمده آن‌ها روايات و قاعده لا حرج است، آنچه به عنوان پاسخ اين سؤال بيان شده اين است كه اين ادله شامل موردي كه دائن خود در عسر و حرج است، نمي‌شود. لذا اگر دائن در عسر و حرج باشد تا جايي كه عسر و حرج او رفع شود، مي‌توان از اموال مديون برداشت نمود؛ حتي اگر خانه او باشد.

one of the issues in civil courts has been the exemptions of debt from the past to the present. Jurists and jurisconsult in this issue believe that if debtor owes no property except his home and some other necessities of life, creditor cannot force him to sell the property. Different aspects of debt exemptions have been explored in jurisprudence books and jurisprudential and juridical researches, but what has not been addressed is the impact of financial conditions the creditor on debt exemptions arbiter. The question of whether the creditor is still in penury can also order the debtor with the exception of some property of debtor? This is the question that has been tried to be answered in this research through jurisprudential, traditionary and law books. In the end, after examining the reasons for the debt exemptions, which are mainly narrations and the rule of distress and constriction negation, what is stated as an answer to this question is that these reasons does not apply to the case where creditor himself or herself is in distress and constriction (insolvency), therefore, debtors’ property can be withdrawn as long as distress and constriction (insolvency) be removed from creditor, even if it is his (debtor) house. if creditor is in distress and constriction (insolvency).