پديد آورندگان :
شجاعي، طيبه دانشگاه حكيم سبزواري، سبزوار - دانشكده جغرافيا و علوم محيطي , فلاح قالهري، غلامعباس دانشگاه حكيم سبزواري، سبزوار - دانشكده جغرافيا و علوم محيطي , كاشكي، عبدالرضا دانشگاه حكيم سبزواري، سبزوار - دانشكده جغرافيا و علوم محيطي
كليدواژه :
ايران , درخت انگور , شرايط اقليمي , فرآيند تحليل سلسله مراتبي
چكيده فارسي :
با توجه به كمبود منابع آبي در كشور و دگرگوني اقليمي، شناخت نواحي مستعد كشت درختان ميوه براساس شرايط اقليمي به منظور استفاده بهينه حائز اهميت است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف توان‌سنجي شرايط اقليمي ايران براي كشت درخت انگور كشمشي براساس تكنيك هاي چند معياره و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافيايي بررسي شده است. در اين راستا از آمار 200 ايستگاه هواشناسي عمده در سطح كشور در مقياس هاي زماني ساعتي، روزانه و ماهانه براي تعيين لايه هاي اطلاعاتي زير معيارهاي اقليمي استفاده شد. آستانه هاي رشد و نمو درخت انگور براساس مطالعات كتابخانه اي مشخص شد. براي تعيين انباشت سرمايي مناطق مختلف كشور از مدل ساعات سرمايي CH استفاده شد. در ادامه با استفاده از فرآيند تحليل سلسله مراتبي، معيارها و زيرمعيارهاي اقليمي لازم تعيين گرديد. نتايج نشان داد كه انباشت سرمايي دوره ركود كه نياز سرمايي را برطرف ميكند، مهمترين زير معيار اقليمي براي سنجش قابليتهاي كشت درخت انگور محسوب ميشود. همچنين در ايران 42195637.8 هكتار داراي قابليت نامناسب و 42721336.2 داراي قابليت ضعيف و 75492510 هكتار از قابليت مناسب براي كشت انگور در گستره ايران برخوردار مي باشد. مناطق مناسب كشت درخت انگور منطبق بر دامنه‌هاي مناطق كوهستاني و نسبتاً مرتفع در نيمه غربي، شمال غرب، شمال شرق و مناطق پراكنده مركز، شرق و جنوب شرق قرار دارد. محدوده مناسب كشت درختان انگور 42 درصد از سطح مساحت كشور را شامل ميشود. نتايج و دستاوردهاي مطالعه حاضر به عنوان الگويي براي كشت درختان خزان كننده سردسير بر مبناي توان اقليمي و جغرافيايي در جهت استفاده بهينه از منابع طبيعي حائز اهميت مي باشد.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: In order to choose the best forms for each region and invest, the climatic conditions should be
considered. Among the climatic elements, thermal indexes are effective factors in the production cycle, and the
quality and quantity of grapes. Given the lack of water resources and the threat of climate change, there is a need
for potentiometry and clustering of different regions.
Materials and Methods: According to the content and purpose of statistics and information, the hourly and
daily climatic data of 200 climate stations were used. In order to compute the required chilling, the CH model
was prepared and implemented. According to daily and monthly statistics, climate parameters were refined and
investigated. We used a weighting method based on hierarchical approach for accurate decision making and
identifying the relative importance of climatic criteria for grape cultivation. For the following climatic criteria,
the information layer was arranged through a database of 200 meteorological stations of the Iranian
Meteorological Organization. For the following geographic criteria, layers were used in the country. In order to
determine the suitable areas for planting grapevine, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in the
Expert choice11 software environment, the criteria and sub criteria were weighted. Then, using the Geographical
Information System, the layers were overlapped based on their weight and the final land suitability map for
planting grapevine in Iran was obtained based on climatic conditions.
Results and Discussion: Pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria based on hierarchical analysis
showed that the criterion of climatic conditions with a weight of 0.833 was considered as the most important
criterion in determining suitable areas for grapevine cultivation. Pairwise comparison of the climatic conditions
criterion indicated that the sub-criteria of 0.317 were the highest among the sub-criteria in the grape trees.
Temperature sub-criteria exhibited the greatest weight during the slump and growth period. Paired comparison
and spatial distribution of the climate-chilling showed that a large part of the country does not supply winter
creeps or cold storage for grapevine trees. The southern half of Iran is entirely unsuitable due to the existence of
mild winters for commercial cultivation of creeping trees such as grapes. Paired comparison and spatial
distribution under the climatic criterion of the slump period demonstrated that largest spatial distribution is
allocated to the middle class in the margin of highlands and high latitudes regions. Paired comparison and spatial
distributions under the scale of the growth period illustrated that the spatial pattern in this sub-criteria is highly dependent on the altitude and latitude. From the north to the south and from the west to the east, the suitability
for growing grapevine decreases. Paired comparison and spatial distributions under the climatic criteria of
absolute minimum temperature revealed that in terms of absolute minimum temperature, there is a limitation on
grapevine for some regions of Iran. These areas are mainly mountainous belts of the Zagros mountain, the
northwest cold region and northeastern Iran. Paired comparison and spatial distribution under the climate criteria
of maximum air temperature showed that temperatures above the threshold of 40 degrees Celsius adversely
influence the quality and yield of grapevine. In fact, in terms of absolute maximum temperatures, more than half
of the country's surface area is unsuitable. Paired comparison and spatial distributions under the geographic scale
elevation above sea level showed that suitable altitude areas are limited to the high and mountainous regions of
the northwestern, northern, and northeastern Iran. Paired comparison and spatial distributions under the relative
climate of relative humidity indicated that due to the relative humidity of the grape vine compared to many fruit
trees, the relative humidity in Iran is high for the grapevine tree. Paired comparison and spatial distributions
under the climatic criteria of sunshine hours illustrated that the distribution of sunshine hours affects the latitude
factor causing an increase in sunshine hours from north to south. A wide range of growing fruit trees in terms of
sunshine days can be found in Iran. Therefore, most regions in the country provide unlimited solar radiation for
grapevine growth. Paired comparison and spatial distributions under the geographic scale elevation above sea
level showed that altitude plays an important role for locating vineyards. Suitable high-altitude areas are limited
to the high and mountainous regions of the northwestern, northern, and northeastern Iran. Paired comparison and more cost-effective in steep slopes. Considering the high adaptability and physiological conditions of the
grapevine, almost all regions of Iran, except very high and mountainous regions, are suitable for planting grapes.
Suitable vineyard cultivars are adapted to the slopes of mountainous and relatively high mountainous regions in
the mid-west, northwest, northeast, and scattered areas of the center, east and south east of the country. The
range of cultivating grapevine trees is 42% of the country's surface area.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the climate criterion has a pivotal role for determining land suitability
for grapevine trees. The suitable vineyard cultivars are located in the mountainous and relatively hilly mountains
in the northwest, northwest, northeast, and dispersed areas of the center, east and south east of Iran. These
findings are important for land use planning and spatial planning with emphasis on climatic and geographic
capabilities for efficient use of natural resources.
