ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻫﯽ ﺟﻨﺎﯾﯽ در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ارﺗﮑﺎﺑﯽ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﺎن و ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﺮي؛ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ و ﻓﺮاﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﯽ از آﻧﺎن

Criminal Responsibility Policies for Crimes Against the Persons with Disabilities an‎d Differential Criminal, Judicial and Moral Protection of Them

ناتوانان به عنوان اقشار آسيب‌پذير جامعه از مشكلات گوناگون جسماني و رواني رنج مي­برند و جرايم عليه حقوق اساسي، عليه تماميت جسماني، عليه حقوق مالي و عليه تماميت جنسي ناتوانان ارتكاب مي­يابد و سياست­­هاي پاسخ‌دهي جنايي در قبال آنان بايد حمايتي و ويژه باشد؛ مهم­ترين قانون در زمينه حقوق ناتوانان در ايران؛ قانون حمايت از حقوق معلولان است كه در تاريخ 20/12/1396 در جلسه علني مجلس شوراي اسلامي تصويب و در تاريخ 22/1/1397 مورد تأييد شوراي نگهبان قرار گرفته است؛ اين قانون با نگاه رفاهي و حمايتي تمام نهادها و سازمان­هاي دولتي و غيردولتي را مكلف به حمايت از حقوق فرهنگي، آموزشي، اقتصادي و اجتماعي معلولان مي­نمايد؛ تصويب اين قانون در حقيقت گامي بسيار مثبت در جهت اعتلاي حقوق ناتوانان در ايران تلقي مي­شود اما عليرغم نكات مثبت داراي اشكالاتي نظير فقدان ضمانت اجراي كيفري مؤثر و همچنين خلاء حمايت­هاي قضايي و فراقضايي افتراقي است؛ از طرفي قوانين كيفري ايران در وضع مقررات، تنها به وضع جرم و تعيين مجازات براي مرتكب آن توجه داشته و با اتخاذ رويكردي جرم‌مدار، ناتوانان بزه‌ديده آسيب‌پذير را به فراموشي سپرده و ناديده انگاشته است؛ حال آنكه، در حقوق كيفري مدرن يكي از رسالت­هاي مهم حقوق كيفري ماهوي و شكلي، حمايت از ناتوانان در پرتو وضع مقرراتي است كه متضمن بيشترين حمايت از اين بزه‌ديدگان باشند؛ بنابراين، آنچه كه بايد از منظر قانون‌گذار موضوعيت داشته باشد آن است كه وضعيت ناتوانان در كانون توجه قرار گرفته و از اين رهگذر، آسيب‌پذيري خود را در برابر وقوع جرم معيار موضع‌گيري توأم با شدت عمل مقنن قرار گيرد؛ از اين رو نگارندگان در اين مقاله پژوهشي با هدف واكاوي سياست­­هاي پاسخ‌دهي جنايي در قبال جرايم ارتكابي عليه ناتوانان و همچنين ارائه حمايت­هاي كيفري؛ قضايي و فراقضايي افتراقي از آنان با روش تحليلي ـ توصيفي به تحليل موضوع اين قشر آسيب‌پذير جامعه پرداخته ­اند.

Disabled people as a vulnerable group of society suffer from various physical and mental problems. In case crimes against fundamental rights, against physical integrity, against financial rights and against sexual integrity of persons with disabilities are committed, criminal responsibility policies must be supportive and protective of them; the most important law on the rights of persons with disabilities in Iran is the Law on the Protection of the Rights of Disabled Persons that was passed by the Islamic Parliament on 10 March 2018, and approved by the Guardian Council on 12 April 2018. Through the perspective of welfare and protection, this law requires all governmental and nongovernmental organizations to protect cultural, educational, economic, and social rights of people with disabilities. The adoption of this law is, in fact, a very positive step towards the promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities in Iran. Despite its positive points, there are some problems such as the lack of effective criminal enforcement guarantee as well as the lack of differential judicial and extrajudicial protection. On the one hand, Iran's criminal laws have only focused on the crime and the punishment for the offender, and thus the victim persons with disabilities have been forgotten and ignored by adopting a crime-based approach. It is while in the Modern Criminal Law, one of the major missions of the substantive and procedural criminal law is protecting the disabled persons though passing a regulation that involves the most protection for these victims. Therefore, what should be considered by the legislature is that the status of the person with disabilities should be under attention and thereby take their vulnerability to the occurrence of a crime as the strict position of the legislature. In this article, the authors aim to investigate criminal responsibility policies for crimes against the disabled persons as well as providing differential criminal, judicial and Moral protection of them with the analytical-descriptive method and finally analyze the problem of this vulnerable group of society