واﮐﺎوي ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه رﺋﯿﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮر در ﺣﻘﻮق اﺳﺎﺳﯽ اﯾﺮان

Reviewing the position of the President in the constitutional law of Iran

ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر دﻫﻪايِ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮري اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، در اﯾﺮان از ﺳﺎل 1357، ﮔﻮﯾﺎيِ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي اﺳﺖ ﮐـﻪ در اﺛـﺮِ آن، ﺷﺄن رﺋﯿﺲﺟﻤﻬﻮر، ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮيِ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﮑﺮان اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺧـﯽ از ﺷـﺄن ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦِ رﺋﯿﺲﺟﻤﻬﻮر ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺎن آورده و در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ، رﺋﯿﺲﺟﻤﻬﻮر در ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه دومِ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻓـﺮض ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳﯽ، ﻗـﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋـﺎدي و ﻧﻈﺮﯾـﺎت ﺷـﻮراي ﻧﮕﻬﺒـﺎن ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ راﻫﮕﺸﺎ در ﺣﻞ و ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﺧﺘﻼفﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ درك ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﻫﻤﯿﺘﯽ، در ﺻـﺪد واﮐﺎوي ﻧﻈﺮات و اﺳﻨﺎد ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ، اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆال ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣـﯽ دﻫـﺪ: در ﺣﻘـﻮق اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﻤﻬﻮري اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾﺮان، رﺋﯿﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮر از ﭼﻪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕـﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺮﺧـﻮردار اﺳـﺖ؟ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺑـﻪ اﯾـﻦ ﺳـﺆال، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﮐﺮدن ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از اﺧﺘﻼفﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾـﻦ ﺳـﺆال ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽـﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ، ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ: اوﻻً در ﻫـ ﯿﭻ ﯾـﮏ از ﻗـﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋـﺎدي ، ﻗـﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳﯽ و آرايِ ﺷﻮراي ﻧﮕﻬﺒﺎن، رﺋﯿﺲﺟﻤﻬﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان »ﺷﺨﺺ اول ﮐﺸﻮر« ﻣﻮرد ﺧﻄﺎب ﻗـﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ. اﯾﻦ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺗﺪاﻋﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻓﺮضِ ﺷﺄن »ﻧﺨﺴﺖوزﯾﺮي« ﺑﺮاي رﺋﯿﺲﺟﻤﻬﻮر اﺳﺖ. ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ﺷﺄن رﺋﯿﺲ ﺟﻤﻬـﻮر ﻣﯿـﺎن ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪاﻧﺎن ﻣﻮرد اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﻣﻮاد ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﺎدي از ﻋﺒﺎرت ﭘﺮدازي ﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮده اﺳـﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﺋﺒﻪ رﺋﯿﺲ ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﻮدن رﺋﯿﺲﺟﻤﻬﻮر را ﺑﻪ ذﻫﻦ ﺗﺪاﻋﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ.

The experience of the four decades of the Islamic Republic's in Iran since 1979 has been a process in which the status of the president has been the subject of legal and political dialogue between Iranian thinkers. In the opinion of some, the president is in the first place in government, in the opinion of some, the president is assumed in the second position of the government. It seems that the review of the constitution, the ordinary laws, and the Guardian Council's decisions could be the resolve such disagreements. This article, having understood this importance, sought to analyze the views and documents. This research answers this question. What is the position of the President in the context of the Islamic Republic of Iran's constitution? Answering this question can be helpful in resolving some of the above disagreements. In response to this question using the descriptive-analytic research method, it is concluded that: Firstly, in none of the ordinary laws, constitutions and decision of the Guardian Council, the president has been addressed as "the first person of the country". Secondly, the status of the president was disputed among the lawyers. Third, some of the articles of ordinary laws have used phrases that raise the doubt that the president is the head of state