پديد آورندگان :
رﺷﯿﺪزاده, براتعلي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﮐﺸﺎورزي - ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ , اﻟﻬﯽ ﻓﺮد, اﻟﻬﺎم داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﮐﺸﺎورزي - ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ , ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭙﻮش, ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺿﺎ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﮐﺸﺎورزي - ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ , ﻓﺮﺧﺎري, ﻣﺤﻤﺪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﮐﺸﺎورزي - ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ
چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ زﻣﺎن ﮐﺎﺷﺖ و ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺼﻮل ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺑﺎ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﻄﻠـﻮب ﺿـﺮوري اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ و ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﻬﺎر ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز در ﻧﺨـﻮد دﯾﻢ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﮐﻮﻫﺪﺷﺖ اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺳﭙﻠﯿﺖ ﭘﻼت در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﺗﮑﺮار ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ )1 ﺑﻬﻤﻦ، 20 ﺑﻬﻤﻦ و 10 اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻣﺎه( و ﭼﻬﺎر ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ )16، 32، 48 و 64 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑـﻊ( در ﺳـﺎل زراﻋـﯽ 1395-96 در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﮐﻮﻫﺪﺷﺖ اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي از ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺨﻮد و ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺷﺶ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﮐﺎﺷﺖ آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪ و ﺗﺎ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﭼﺮﺧﻪ رﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﺮ 7-10 روز اداﻣﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. روﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﮐﻞ )wmax( و ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ )LAImax( در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ روزﻫﺎي ﭘﺲ از ﮐﺎﺷﺖ )t( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﺧﻄﯽ-ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﯾﺪه و ﺑﺘﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﺷﺪ.
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد روﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ در ﻃﯽ ﻓﺼﻞ رﺷﺪ از ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﯾﺪه و ﺑﺘـﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﯿـﺖ ﮐﺮد، ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﺷﺖ اول، دوم و ﺳﻮم، داﻣﺘﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات wmax در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ 16 ﺗﺎ 64 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑـ ﻊ، در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻋﺎري از ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 154/90-371/70، 119/60-310/80 و 60/87-187/90 ﮔﺮم ﻣـﺎده ﺧﺸـﮏ در ﻣﺘـﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ و در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 266/60- 98/69، 56/78-186/90 و 35/53-114/00 ﮔﺮم ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻧﻮﺳﺎن داﺷﺖ. ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ LAImax در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﺷﺖ اول، دوم و ﺳﻮم در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ 16 ﺗﺎ 64 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻋﺎري از ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 0/49-9/32، 0/46-7/97 و 0/39-4/50 ﮔﺮم و در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 0/39-6/25، 0/69-5/18 و 0/21-2/79 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮآورد ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز در ﮐﺮت ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ زﻣﺎن اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان وزن ﺧﺸﮏ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻮم )10 اﺳـﻔﻨﺪ( ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ از دو ﺗـﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺸـﺖ دﯾﮕـﺮ ﺑـﻮد ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ درﺻﺪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ دوم در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ 16 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎد. ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﮐﻠـﯽ ﺗـﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ اول ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ 48 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدي ﻣﻌﺎدل 1703/32 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﺑﺬر ﻧﺨﻮد ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﺷﺖ دوم )1534/37 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر( و ﺳﻮم )470/55 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر( ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺑﻮد. ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي، و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺨﻮد در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﻧﺴﺒـﺖ ﺑﻪ وﺟﯿﻦ در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر در ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﮐﻤﺘـﺮ، ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ از ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﯽ، ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، ﮐﺸﺎورز ﻗﺎدر ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود زﯾﺎدي از اُﻓﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﻧﺨﻮد از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي، ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺨﻮد و درﺻﺪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان اﻇﻬﺎر داﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﻧﺨﻮد در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺎﺷـﺖ اول ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.
چكيده لاتين :
One of the important requirements in agronomic planning is to determine the best and most suitable sowing date in order to achieve high quality and desirable quality of yield. Therefore, this experiment was conducted in order to determine the most suitable planting date and plant density in terms of weed control in dryland chickpea in Koohdasht, Lorestan, Iran.
Materials and Methods:
The experiment was conducted as split plot in randomized complete block design with four replications with three planting dates (20 January, 8 February and 28 February) as main plot and four densities (16, 32, 48 and 64 plant m-2) as sub plot in 2016-2017 in the climate conditions of Kohdasht. Sampling from chickpea and weeds was done four weeks after planting until the end of the growing season with a time interval of 7-10 days. In order to describe the changes in total dry matter (wmax) and leaf area index (LAI) against time after planting (t), the truncated expolinear and beta model was used, respectively.
Results:
The results showed that the dry matter changes and leaf area index during the growing season are consistent with the truncated expolinear and Beta models. So that the parameter wmax at the first, second and third sowing dates at 16-64 plants m-2 in weed free conditions, ranged from 154.90-371.70, 119.60-310.80 and 60.87-187.90 g Dry matter m-2 and in weed infested condition ranged from 98.69-266.60, 56.78-186.90 and 35.53-114.00 g dry matter m-2. Regarding the lmax parameter, at the first, second and third sowing dates at 16-64 plants m-2 in weed free conditions, ranged from 0.49-9.32, 0.46-7.97, 0.39-4.50 g and in infested conditions 0.39-6.25, 0.69-5.18 and 0.21-2.79 g was estimated. Weed dry weight increased in weed infected plots over time. So that weeds dry weight on 28 February were more than other sowing dates. Also, the highest percentage of yield loss occurred in the second planting date at a density of 16 plants per square meter. In general, the first sowing date with density of 48 plants m -2 with a yield of 1703.327 kg ha-1 of chickpea was the best treatment compared to the same sowing density at the second sowing date (1534.7 kg ha-1) and the third sowing date (470.55 kg ha-1).
Conclusion:
In the present study, the maximum dry matter and the leaf area index of chickpea plants were decreased in weed infested conditions compared to weed free conditions in all three sowing dates. So that the reduced values in the less sowing densities were more than the higher sowing densities. In the other words, by increasing the planting density in the presence of weeds, the farmer will be able to avoid a significant reduction in the yield loss due to competition with weeds. By comparing the sowing dates of chickpea in terms of maximum dry matter, leaf area index and yield loss percentage of chickpea plants, it can be stated that the conditions for chickpea growth and development in the first sowing date were better than the other sowing date.
