بررسي تأثير سطوح مختلف كود كامل NPK و اسيد فولويك بر خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي، عملكرد و اجزا عملكرد گياه دارويي ريحان (.Ocimum basilicum L)

Effects of Different Levels of NPK Fertilizer and Fulvic Acid on Morphogical Characteristics, Yield and Yield components of Basil as a Medicinal Plant (Ocimum basilicum L.)

به‌منظور بررسي تأثير سطوح كود كامل NPK و اسيد فولويك بر برخي صفات رويشي و زايشي گياه ريحان (Ocimum basilicum L.)، آزمايشي به‌صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح پايه بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي، در مزرعه تحقيقاتي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه بيرجند در سال زراعي 96- 1395 اجرا شد. فاكتورهاي آزمايش شامل محلول ‌پاشي كود كاملNPK (20-20-20) در سه سطح (صفر، سه و شش در هزار) و مصرف خاكي اسيد فولويك در سه سطح (0 و 5 و 10 كيلوگرم در هكتار) با سه تكرار بودند. نتايج نشان داد، كود كامل NPK تأثير معني‌داري بر ‌ارتفاع، تعداد برگ، وزن هزار دانه و عملكرد بيولوژيك داشت، به‌طوري‌كه بيش‌ترين ميزان ارتفاع (48/4 سانتي‌متر) و عملكرد بيولوژيك (2/1 كيلوگرم در مترمربع) از كاربرد سطح شش در هزار كود كامل و كم‌ترين آن (36/5 سانتي‌متر و 1/6 كيلوگرم در مترمربع) از شاهد (عدم كاربرد كود) به‌دست آمد. هم‌چنين بيش‌ترين ميزان تعداد برگ بوته (129/5) و وزن هزار دانه (1/5 گرم) با كاربرد 10 كيلوگرم در هكتار اسيد فولويك و كم‌ترين ميزان اين صفات (120 و 1/4 گرم) در شاهد مشاهده شد. اما فاصله ميان‌گره و تعداد بذر بوته تحت تأثير تيمارهاي كودي قرار نگرفت. هم‌چنين اثرات متقابل نيز نشان داد،كه بيش‌ترين ميزان عملكرد بيولوژيك (2/2 كيلوگرم در مترمربع) و وزن خشك بوته (483/8 گرم در مترمربع)، در تيمار مصرف هم‌زمان شش در هزار كود كامل و10 كيلوگرم در هكتار اسيد فولويك و كم‌ترين ميزان آن‌ها (1/4كيلوگرم در مترمربع و 259/5 گرم در مترمربع)، در شاهد (عدم كودهي)‌ مشاهده شد. به‌طور كلي، نتايج بيانگر تأثير مثبت و افزايشي كاربرد تلفيقي كودهاي شيميايي و آلي بر ميزان عملكرد گياه ريحان بود و بر اين اساس پيشنهاد مي‌شود، مي‌توان تيمار شش در هزار كود كامل و 10 كيلوگرم در هكتار اسيدفولويك را به‌عنوان راهكاري اكولوژيك براي افزايش عملكرد كمّي گياه دارويي ريحان توصيه نمود.

Introduction Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an herbaceous medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family with a wide range of applications in culinary, cosmetic, food, perfumery and medical industries. The presence of more than 200 chemicals includes flavonoids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and aromatic compounds in basil oil have been identified. The main components of its oil are eugenol, methyleugenol, linalool, estragole and anethole, varying by chemotype. Basil is one of the most important medicinal plants in Iran, which is widely used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, sanitary and food industries, and it is considered as an anti-fluff and appetizer in traditional medicine. Therefore, in order to maximize yield and increase the length of the basil production period, the appropriate management of this product is necessary. Among which the use of suitable nutritional elements is one of the useful ways to improve the performance of this plant. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer and fulvic acid, and their interaction on vegetative, reproductive growth and yield of Basil's medicinal plant. Materials and Methods In this study, the effects of applications of fulvic acid and NPK fertilizer on yield and growth characteristics of basil were evaluated under field conditions. Treatments were three levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 3 and 6 per thousand) and three levels of fulvic acid (0, 5 and 10 kg.ha-1). The experiment was designed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of Faculty of Agriculture University of Birjand during growing season of 2017. The measured indices including vegetative characteristics (plant height, laterals number.plant-1, plant weight (g.m-2), leaf weight(g), leaves No.plant-1) and reproductive characteristics (grain yield, 1000-seed weight, seed number, biological yield and harvest index). Finally, the experimental data were statistically analyzed using SAS program ver. 9.2 and means were separated Duncan multiple test at 5% probability level of probability. Results and Discussion The results showed that NPK fertilizer had a significant effect on vegetative characteristics (plant height, fresh and dry weight of plant (g.m-2), lateral number per plant and leaves No.plant-1), so that the highest plant height and biological yield (48.4 cm and 2.16 kg.m-2, respectively) were obtained with application of six per thousand of NPK fertilizer. The results showed that NPK fertilizer had significant effect on 1000-seed weight. The highest 1000-seed weight (1.6 g) was obtained at six per thousand of NPK fertilizer, and the lowest of 1000- seed weight, (1.4 g) was observed in the control. Fulvic acid affected vegetative characteristics (plant height and laterals number per plant), so that the highest plant height and laterals number.plant-1 (46.0 cm and 15.88 per plant) was obtained with the application of 10 kg.ha-1 fulvic acid treatment. Also, the results showed a significant effect of fulvic acid on reproductive characteristics (plant weight (g.m-2), 1000- seed weight (g)). The highest leaves No.plant-1 (129.5) and 1000- seed weight (1.5g) were obtained at 10 kg .ha-1 fulvic acid, and the lowest of plant weight, 1000-seed weight were observed in the control. The interactions showed that the highest biological yield (2.29 kg.m-2) and plant dry weight (483.83 g.m-2) were obtained from treatment at six per thousand of NPK fertilizer and 10 kg.ha-1 fulvic acid and the lowest amounts (1.44 kg.m-2 and 259.5 g.m-2) was obtained from control. Conclusion The results of this study showed that fulvic acid and NPK fertilizer had significant effect on yield and growth characteristics of basil. Thus, results showed that fulvic acid (10 kg.ha-1) and NPK fertilizer (six per thousand) had strong impact on yield and growth characteristics of basil under field conditions. Acknowledgements Authors are grateful to Ebrahim Ebrahimabadi for their help with the field experiments.