اثر آبشويي بر كاهش سميت گياهي برخي گياهان دارويي در كشت گندم نان (Triticum aestivum)

Effect of Leaching on Reducing the Phytoxicity of Some Medicinal Plants on Wheat (Triticum aestivum

اﯾﻦ ﭘــﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛــﺮ آﺑﺸــﻮﯾﯽ ﺑــﺮ ﮐــﺎﻫﺶ دﮔﺮآﺳــﯿﺒﯽ ﺑﻘﺎﯾــﺎي ﺳــﻮﯾﺎ )Glycin max(، ﺳــﯿﺎﻫﺪاﻧﻪ )Nigella sativa(، ﺷــﻮﯾﺪ )Anethum graveolens( و ﺑﺎدرﺷﺒﻮ )Dracocephalum moldavica( در ﮐﺸﺖ ﮔﻨﺪم )Triticum aestivum( ﺑﻪﺻـﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر ﯾـ ﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟـﺐ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺗﮑﺮار در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي در ﺳﺎل1396 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﭼﻬﺎر ﻧﻮع ﮔﯿـ ﺎه )ﺳـﻮ ﯾﺎ، ﺳﯿﺎﻫﺪاﻧﻪ، ﺑﺎدرﺷﺒﻮ و ﺷﻮﯾﺪ( و ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ آﺑﺸﻮﯾﯽ )ﺑﺪون آﺑﺸﻮﯾﯽ، ﯾﮏﺑﺎر آﺑﺸﻮﯾﯽ و دوﺑﺎر آﺑﺸﻮﯾﯽ( ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﮔﯿﺎه ﭘﯿﺶﮐﺎﺷﺖ و ﺳﻄﻮح آﺑﺸﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺳﺒﺰﺷﺪن ﮔﻨﺪم اﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻨﺪ. آﺑﺸﻮﯾﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﺛﺮات ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫـﺎن ﭘﯿﺶﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺒﺰﺷﺪن ﮔﻨﺪم در ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي داراي ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﺷﻮﯾﺪ و ﺑﺎدرﺷﺒﻮ )1/73 ﮔﯿﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﺑـﺮ روز(، ﺑﯿﺸـ ﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻃـﻮل رﯾﺸﻪ ﮔﻨﺪم در ﺧﺎك داراي ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﺑﺎدرﺷﺒﻮ )24/7 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﻣﺘﺮ( و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ، ﻣﯿﺰان ﮐﻠﺮوﻓﯿﻞ a و ﮐﻠﺮوﻓﯿﻞ b ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﮔﻨـﺪم ﮐﺸـﺖ ﺷﺪه در ﺧﺎك داراي ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﺳﻮﯾﺎ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ آﺑﺸﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ در اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي زراﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻨﺪم ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰه در ﺗﻨﺎوب زراﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺘﯽ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ وﺟﻮد ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﮔﯿﺎه ﺳﻮﯾﺎ، ﺳﯿﺎﻫﺪاﻧﻪ، ﺑﺎدرﺷﺒﻮ و ﺷﻮﯾﺪ از ﮐﺸﺖ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺧﻮدداري ﮐﺮد و ﯾﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ اﺛﺮات ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﯾﮏ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ آﺑﺸﻮﯾﯽ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﮐﺸﺖ ﮔﻨﺪم اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﯿﺮد.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of leaching on the reduction of soybean (Glycin max), black cumin (Nigella sativa), dill (Anethum graveolens) and dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) residues allelopathy in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2017. The factors consisted of four types of previous plants (soybean, black cumin, dragonhead and dill) and three levels of leaching (without leaching, once leaching and twice leaching). The results showed that the previous plant type and leaching levels had no significant effect on wheat emergence. Leaching reduced the effects of deterioration of soybean, black cumin, dragonhead and dill. The highest rate of emergence was observed with 1.73 seedlings per day for wheat cultivated in soil with dill and dragonhead residues plus once leaching. The greatest root length (24.7 cm) was associated with wheat grown in soils with dragonhead residues plus once leaching. The highest leaf area and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content observed in the wheat grown in the soil with soybean residues plus once leaching. It was concluded that in agroecosystems where autumn wheat is in rotation, it is necessary to avoid wheat cultivation in the presence of soybean, black cumin, and dragonhead and dill residues and to reduce the inhibitory effects of these plants, one stage of leaching must be done before the cultivation of wheat.