ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎزﺧﻮرد ﭘﺲ از ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻓﻖ و ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻬﺎرت ﭘﺮﺗﺎب از ﺑﺎﻻي ﺷﺎﻧﻪ درﻛﻮدﻛﺎن ﭘﺴﺮ12-9 ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻮان ذﻫﻨﻲ

The effect of feedback after successful, unsuccessful attempts on learning the skill for shot put on shoulder in 9-12 years old boy with mental retardation

هدف اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎزﺧﻮرد ﭘﺲ از ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻓﻖ و ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻬﺎرت ﭘﺮﺗﺎب از ﺑﺎﻻي ﺷﺎﻧﻪ درﻛﻮدﻛﺎن ﭘﺴﺮ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻮان دﻫﻨﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ اﻫﻮاز ﺑﻮد. روش اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ آﻣﺎري آن را ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮزان ﭘﺴﺮ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻮان ذﻫﻨﻲ ﻣﺪارس اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ دو ﺷﻬﺮ اﻫﻮاز ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل(1393-94) ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد 220 ﻧﻔﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﻣﻴﺎن آﻧﻬﺎ، 45 داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮز 9 ﺗﺎ 12 ﺳﺎل ﺑﻪ روش دردﺳﺘﺮس و ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﺔ آﻣﺎري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ در ﺳﻪ ﮔﺮوه)ﭘﺲ از ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻓﻖ، ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ و ﮔﺮوه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل(  ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ داده ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ي ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل و ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ از روش ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﻜﺮاﻫﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ و در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ي اﻛﺘﺴﺎب از ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﻜﺮاﻫﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﻜﺮاري روي ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎي درون ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ و ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻳﺎدداري از آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﻚ راﻫﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. از آزﻣﻮن ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺒﻲ ﺗﻮﻛﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار 16 SPSS ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد، ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺮوه در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ آزﻣﻮن، ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ (0/35=P). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب و ﻳﺎدداري ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري (P<0/05) ﻧﺸﺎن داد. در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب و ﻳﺎدداري ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺎزﺧﻮردي ﭘﺲ از ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺑﻬﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ دو ﮔﺮوه دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داد. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺑﺎزﺧﻮرد ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻓﻖ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب و ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻳﺎدداري ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي را ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻛﻮدﻛﺎن ﻛﻢ ﺗﻮان ذﻫﻨﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎزﺧﻮرد ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ و ﺑﻨﻴﺎدي ﺗﺮي را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزﺧﻮرد دروﻧﻲ اﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﺑﺎزﺧﻮرد در ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ دارد و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﺑﺎزﺧﻮرد در ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ دارد و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد.

The purpose of this study was to make a comparison of Influence of feedback after successful unsuccessful attempts on learning the skills needed for shot put on shoulder about the retarded boys in Ahwaz city. Semi-experimental method of study and population included all student’s children with mental retardation at special school’s district 2 of Ahvaz city that in years 1393-94 studying, constituted (N=220). Objective sampling included 45 subjects’ students’ children 9-12 years old they were selected, and randomly divided into three groups (after successful, unsuccessful and control group). To make analysis of data in process of pretest, the method of one way variance is used, and in process of attainment, ANOVA with repeated measurements of blocks to determine the differences between intergroup and within- the -group is used. By using of SPSS 16 software it was analyzed.The results show, there is no much difference between the participants of all three groups in pretest (p=0.35). also result in the acquisition and retention of a significant difference between the three groups (P <0.05), respectively. The acquisition and retention group feedback after successful efforts showed better performance than the other two groups. In general, it can be concluded that the high frequency of feedback to the successful efforts in the acquisition and retention stage has had a greater effect on improving the skills of mentally retarded children. it can also be concluded that external feedback plays a much more fundamental role than internal feedback. according to the results of this study,  in generally feedback plays an essentialrole in learning and makes improved further  the learner.