بررسي مقايسه‌اي عوامل مؤثر بر ركود دامداري سنتي در دو ناحيه‌ي دشتي و كوهستاني (مطالعه موردي: دهستان القچين از توابع شهرستان چرام)

A Comparative Study of Factors Affecting the Decline of Traditional Livestock in Two Areas of Plain and Mountainous (Case Study: Rural Alqchyn City Functions Choram)

جامعه‌ي روستايي و عشايري كشور، جامعه‌اي است كه اساس دامداري آن به شيوه‌ي سنتي و بهره‌برداري از مراتع بناشده است. علي‌رغم سهم بسزاي نظام‌هاي دامداري سنتي در توليد بخش اعظمي از شير و گوشت موردنياز كشور، از شرايط ناپايداري براي ادامه حيات خود برخوردارند، مهم‌ترين اين عوامل: تحليل منابع طبيعي، روي آوردن به تكنولوژي‌هاي مدرن صنعتي، بالا رفتن سطح بهداشت و فرهنگ و يا... مي‌باشد كه موجب گرديده تا اين شيوه سنتي معيشت، در برخي از نقاط روستايي باسابقه‌اي ديرينه رو به ركود نهد. ازاين‌رو، هدف از اين تحقيق، بررسي عوامل مؤثر بر ركود دامداري سنتي در روستاهاي موردمطالعه است. روش‌شناسي تحقيق ازنظر هدف، كاربردي و ازنظر روش، توصيفي – تحليلي مي‌باشد. جامعه‌ي آماري تحقيق حاضر شامل خانوارهاي دامدار ساكن دهستان القچين از توابع شهرستان چرام است. حجم نمونه با بهره‌گيري از فرمول كوكران، دربرگيرنده‌ي تعداد 198 خانوار دامدار معين شد. داده‌هاي مربوط به دو ناحيه به‌وسيله‌ي نرم‌افزار SPSS از طريق به‌كارگيري آزمون‌هاي آماري مناسب، مورد تجزيه‌وتحليل قرار گرفت. طبق آزمون آماري مان ويتني كه در سطح اطمينان 95 درصد گرفته شد، نتايج به‌دست‌آمده نشان مي‌دهند در شاخص‌هاي ميزان برگزاري دوره‌هاي آموزشي- ترويجي و هزينه‌ي دارو و دامپزشك با مقدار Sig =.000 بيشترين اختلاف معني‌دار بين دو ناحيه استنتاج مي‌شود؛ و در شاخص‌هاي اجراي طرح و عمليات‌هايي جهت حفظ محيط‌زيست با مقدار Sig =.833 و سرمايه‌گذاري در ساير فعاليت‌هاي دامدار با مقدار Sig =.567 بيشترين يكساني وضعيت در دو ناحيه و عدم وجود تفاوت معنادار حاصل گرديده است.

Introduction The livestock profession is one of the toughest businesses. The rural and nomadic society of the country is a society that is the basis of its livestock is in the traditional method and use of rangelands. Traditional livestock depends on several factors. The most important factors are topographic status of this area, rangeland and vegetation status, skill, knowledge and awareness of the exploiters, and the availability of facilities for animal husbandry activities. The surveys indicate that the level of performance, efficiency and productivity in this subsection is also lower than the average of developing countries because of a variety of reasons. Despite of the great contribution of traditional livestock systems in producing a large portion of the country's milk and meat, they have unstable conditions to survive. Over the past few decades, with population increase and increased living standards, excessive consumption and of course it is out of ecosystem power, alterations in use and cultivation of more land and pastures, recent droughts, as well as due to industrialization of livestock units, not enough attention is paid to rural farms. an‎d that has led to this traditional livelihood, in some rural areas with long history going into recession. Accordingly, the purpose of this research was to study the causes and factors affecting livelihood recession in livestock and compare it in two areas of plain and mountainous areas. The current research seeks to answer this fundamental question: What are the causes and effective factors in the recession of traditional livestock in the villages of the two areas of the plain and mountainous of Al-Qchyn rural district? Methodology Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the factors affecting the recession of traditional livestock in the studied villages. The methodology of this research from the perspective of goal is practical, and from the perspective of the method is descriptive - analytical. Method of data collection is a combination of documentary and field methods. Its theoretical foundations are based on documentary-library studies. Data is collected by field method using questionnaire, interview with ranchers and experiences of writers. The statistical population of the present study consisted of livestock households living in Al-Qchyn rural district; functions of Choram city. The sample size was determined by using the Cochran formula, including 198 households. Formal and content validity used to test the validity of the questionnaire. The reliability of the research was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method, by calculating the value of 0.795 for the plain area variables and the value of 0.743 for the mountainous area variables. an‎d the data from two areas were analyzed by SPSS software; by using appropriate statistical tests. Results and Discussion Studying the results of this study in explaining the severity of each factors affecting traditional livestock recession in the two plains and mountainous districts of Al-Qchyn rural, has shown a difference in the level and type of these components in this two areas. According to the Mann-Whitney test, which was taken at 95% confidence level, the results indicate that the most significant difference between the two regions is deduced in the indicators of the amount of holding training-promotional courses and the cost of drugs and vet with the amount of (Sig =0.000); and the most equal status of the situation in the two regions and the absence of significant difference was obtained in the indicators for the implementation of the plan and operations to protect the environment with the value of (Sig = 0.833) and investment in other livestock activities with the value of (Sig = 0.567). Also, studies have shown that among the studied components in this research; the most important and most typical cases of traditional livestock recession in the two studied areas are the status of recent droughts, the tendency of the young workforce to engage in activities other than this profession and the changes that have emerged in the today's lifestyle of villagers, especially the younger generation. Issues such as raising awareness of livestock breeders, their utilizing of modern methods and holding training and promotional courses have a small contribution to the recession of this craft in the two studied areas. Studies also indicated that the status of training and promotional courses and the motivation to invest in livestock affairs had a greater impact on the mountainous region than the plains in the traditional livestock recession, except for cases of participation of the new generation of women and girls, and other studied components also has led to a recession in the plains area more than the mountainous area. Conclusion According to the mentioned contents and the conditions of the country's economic strength, production should be at the forefront of special attention. Since many people are still engaging traditionally in animal husbandry, there must be some ways to improve its condition and durability. The ways including: allocating subsidies to parts of affairs, paying attention to the promotion and promoters of villages, Management placement for livestock breeders and organizing them in the form of cooperatives, etc.