ارزيابي تأثير بافت اسلامي بر احساس امنيت بر اساس اصول نسل دوم CPTED (مطالعه موردي: محلّه فهادان شهر يزد)

Evaluating Of the Influence of Islamic Texture on Sense of Security Based On Second Generation Cpted (Case Study: Fahadan Neighborhood of Yazd City)

احساس امنيت همواره يكي از نيازهاي اساسي انسان در طول تاريخ بوده است. لذا هدف از انجام اين تحقيق بررسي اين نكته است كه آيا اصول نسل دوم CPTED در ميزان احساس امنيت بافت اسلامي محله فهادان يزد تأثيرگذار بوده است يا خير؟ در اين پژوهش از چهار شاخص فرهنگ جمعي، نظارت اجتماعي، آستانه ظرفيت و همبستگي اجتماعي به‌عنوان معيارهاي نسل دوم CPTED استفاده شده است. همچنين از شاخص احساس امنيت نيز به عنوان متغير وابسته استفاده شده است. روش اين تحقيق پيمايشي است و از طريق پرسش­نامه انجام شده است. جامعه آماري تحقيق كليه ساكنين محله فهادان شهر يزد مي­باشد كه به روش كوكران نمونه‌اي به حجم 364 نفر به صورت تصادفي اتتخاب شده است. براي بررسي اينكه آيا احساس امنيت در اين بافت وجود دارد از آزمون T استفاده شد. در مرحله بعد با توجه به نوع متغيرها، از آزمون همبستگي پيرسون استفاده گرديد. نتايج تحقيق بيانگر آن است كه ميزان احساس امنيت در محله فهادان با ميانگين3/62 در طيف ليكرت از وضعيت مساعدي برخوردار است، اما اين شاخص با اصول نسل دوم CPTED در بافت اسلامي رابطه كاملا معكوسي دارد. همچنين در بررسي ميزان احساس امنيت به تفكيك جنسيت مشخص شد كه مردان در بافت اسلامي برخلاف زنان با توجه به اين اصول از احساس امنيت بيشتري برخوردار هستند. با تحليل نتايج بدست آمده اين نكته مشخص مي­شود كه احساس امنيت موجود در بافت اسلامي ناشي از اصول نسل دوم CPTED نمي ­باشد و اصولآ دليل آن را بايد در موارد ديگري جست ­وجو كرد.

Introduction The concept of sense of security is indicator of quality of life in cities. A sense of security is result of direct and indirect experiences of individuals and the situations surrounding environment. So in assessing people's sense of security, physical environment and social conditions have equal importance. Urban spaces are context of living and activities of citizens. So it is necessary to provide safe, healthy, stable and attractive environment, due to features of people. One of the problems that almost all modern cities, unlike traditional cities are facing is lack of security of its citizens. So according to what was said, in this study the second generation CPTED is used to assess sense of security in the Islamic context. Because this model use social aspects as key elements of security and don’t notice just to physical aspects. In fact, this generation of CPTED supports activities. In other words, if urban physical design can create defensible space, it should supports activities. This supporting is provided by the second generation CPTED design principles. Nearly 3000 hectares of Yazd area is located in historical texture. Fahadan is one major center of theses textures. This area nearly has seven thousand people. In terms of social-economic roles of this region it can be noted that the majority of market places of historical textures are concentrated in this neighborhood. This caused that the functional radius of the neighborhood is being beyond the historical context. Methodology This is an applied- developmental research with descriptive - analytical methods based on library and statistical information. Geographical scope of the research includes Fahadan neighborhood in Yazd as neighborhood with Islamic texture. This research with fundamental approach is trying to evaluate the impact of Islamic texture on a sense of security based on principles of second generation CPTED. In this study, the second generation CPTED principles are used as independent variable and indicator of a sense of security is used as dependent variable. This is a survey research, and sample of 364 people was selected by Cochran's formula. Then, based on the results of questionnaires, the data is analyzed by SPSS software; for this purpose. In a first step the T-Test is used to assess sense of security; and then Pearson correlation test is used to measure the correlation between independent variables and the dependent variable based on the type of them. Result and Discussion Based on results, average of second generation CPTED principle's in a likert scale (1-5), is, the index of community culture (3.49), threshold capacity (3), connectivity (2.94) and social cohesion (2.86) have been more prevalent in the Islamic context. The causes that the index of community culture is high, is traditional texture of neighborhood and because of resident know each other. It makes people to have sense of responsibility towards each other and try to do the most of their works in a collective way. According to the information that mentioned above the average of threshold capacity index is three. It is because of sense of comfort in this context, in fact there is no congestion in the neighborhood, but the organic texture of this neighborhood does not have the capacity, high number of vehicles. It can be said that the texture was perfect for the transportation of its time but nowadays because of more vehicles in number and size, the efficiency of traditional texture in relation to the threshold capacity has been reduced. The means of connectivity index is lower than total average in the neighborhood. It is because of absence of unfamiliar people in this neighborhood; So that 70% of people believed that the movement of strangers in the neighborhood is low. This can be result of traditional and Islamic structure of neighborhood. This issue is derived from neighborhood privacy even in public spaces according to the teachings of Islam. The causes that the index of connectivity is low, is introspection in Islamic context. This led to people have solidarity just to their neighbors and don’t have no sense of solidarity to rest of the community. This issue in the past few years due to the character of neighborhood in the field of sending its resident to other places and replacement them with strangers and unfamiliar is intensified. The level of sense of security index is higher than average and is equal to 3.62 percent. It can be said that people in the traditional- Islamic context of the neighborhood feel more secure. It is because of this issue that neighborhoods in the Islamic city are completely private space and people in this kind of neighborhood feel like living in inner space. According to the findings of the Pearson test indicators of community culture (0.094) and threshold capacity (0.016) have a direct and positive impact on the sense of security but indicators of connectivity (- 0.129) and social cohesion (- 0.350) have the opposite effect on the sense of security. By studying correlation relationship between the between second generation CPTED indexes and sense of security in the context of sex, it became clear that men's sense of security (0.003) is more than females (0.201 -) in the Islamic texture. In general, men feel more secure in the Islamic city, because these textures made according to the needs of men and in view of its designers (depending on the time of creation of textures) women are actively present in the personal spaces. By examining this correlation, regardless of gender, it was found that there is inverse correlation between the second generation CPTED principles and sense of security in the Islamic context; So that the result of the Pearson test is – 0.111. Conclusion In general it can be concluded that sense of security and relaxation are two important elements in the Islamic city. Therefore, according to the commands of Islam there is a texture that creates privacy and consequently increases the sense of security in the Islamic context. Although this does not mean it resulted by second generation CPTED principles. So the causes of this issue should be probed in other factors.