تبيين نقش گردشگري در كارآفريني نواحي روستايي (مطالعه موردي: روستاهاي شهرستان املش و رودسر)

Explaining the Role of Tourism in Rurel Areas Entrepreneurship (Case Study: The Villages of Amlash and Rudsar)

اقتصاد روستايي بخشي از اقتصاد كشورها را در بر مي‌گيرد كه با توجه به تعداد ساكنين شاغل در محيط روستايي تأثير به سزايي در ميزان رشد اقتصادي كشورها داشته است. شناخت ويژگي­هاي اقتصادي و ابزارهاي به كار رفته در فرآيند رسيدن به سطحي مطلوب از توسعه يافتگي بسيار با اهميت است. گردشگري روستايي يكي از عناصر تأثيرگذار در رشد اقتصاد روستايي و محرك در رونق زندگي روستاييان شناخته شده است. بر اين اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبيين نقش گردشگري بر كارآفريني نواحي روستايي به دنبال پاسخ به اين سوال مي­ باشد كه گردشگري روستايي چگونه مي ­تواند زمينه توسعه كارآفريني روستايي را فراهم كند؟ از اين منظر، پژوهش حاضر با روش توصيفي- تحليلي از طريق گردآوري اطلاعات به تكميل پرسش­نامه در قالب طيف ليكرت طراحي شده و سوالات تحقيق از طريق نرم افزار آماري SPSS و EXCEL و نقشه­ ها با استفاده از نرم افزار ARC GIS تهيه شده ­اند. جامعه آماري اين پژوهش 14 نقطه روستايي مي­باشد، كه از آن ميان 383 نفر از سرپرستان خانوار روستايي به عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شدند. نتايج تحقيق نشان مي­دهد كه بين گردشگري و كارآفريني روستايي رابطه مستقيم وجود دارد. نتايج پژوهش با توجه به بررسي‌هاي صورت گرفته بيان كننده اهميت گردشگري در روند افزايش اشتغال و رشد كارآفريني مي‌باشد و افزايش توان گردشگري روستايي باعث رونق كسب و كار و افزايش فرصت‌هاي كارآفريني و رشد اشتغال در مناطق روستايي مي ­گردد.

Introduction Recognizing successful economic systems in the world and going toward the economic advancement is of great significance to many countries. Using local economic patterns is one of the processes that many governments adopt to utilize available facilities so as to move towards their economic development goals. Creating an efficient environment in accordance with economic development can be highly effective in political interest for many governments of many countries. The area for economic activities encompasses both aspects residents’ lives including urban spaces and rural ones. As a matter of fact both aspects of life can be considered as golden opportunities to increase economic ability. So far, numerous scholars have conducted diverse studies, concerning various types of economic opportunities. In the last decade of twentieth century, tourism experienced drastic changes. Needless to say that, special attention has been turned to the development of rural tourism. Without considering various aspects, economic development of countries can be difficult. Rural economy encompasses part of countries’ economy, and considering the number of employed residents in rural areas, it has had a great impact on development rate of countries. Recognizing economic attributes and the adopted tools in the process of achieving a desired level of advancement is of great significance. Rural tourism has been recognized as one of the effective elements in rural economic development and a powerful intensifier in villagers’ life prosperity. Considering the importance of rural tourism in the economy trend in villages, in this study the researcher aims to analyze its effect in rural entrepreneurship. Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and nature and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. Also the main part of the data was used by field survey method, questionnaire technique, interview and observation. The research questionnaire was prepared according to the statistical population of household heads, Islamic council and local people based on research concepts and variables. The other part is obtained through library reviews. The statistical population of this study is the villages of Amlash and Rudsar and the sample population includes 14 villages that have high tourism potential and are the main tourism destinations in the rural areas of the study area. In this study, in order to investigate the role of tourism on entrepreneurship in rural areas of the region, the researcher has selected 383 people as the sample size by using Cochran formula. Accordingly, the research uses descriptive and inferential statistical methods and SPSS and EXCEL software to explain central and dispersion indices and charts based on single sample T-test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, Chi-square (chi-square) and in preparation and GIS software is used to set the maps. Since the main purpose of the research is to explain the role of tourism in rural entrepreneurship, therefore, it is the main analysis unit of rural tourism and entrepreneurship. Results and Discussion According to the results of the supplementary questionnaire by rural household heads, the results show that 2835 jobs were created directly in the entrepreneurial dimension. According to the results, the author believes that tourism is an employment and entrepreneurial activity so that it can be developed at the lowest cost and that it can be used in rural areas along with other factors Provided rural development. As the findings of the research show, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between tourism and employment creation in rural areas with the alpha obtained or the level of significance below (0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism has created employment and increased entrepreneurship in the rural areas of the study area and the research hypothesis is confirmed. It can be said that tourism has stimulated entrepreneurship and increased employment in the countryside. In this study, regression method was used to determine the relative independent variable (tourism) in the dependent variable (rural entrepreneurship). Accordingly, the coefficient of determination is 0.449, indicating that the independent variable (tourism development) accounts for 0.95 of changes in the dependent variable (rural entrepreneurship). According to the ANOVA table, the P-value, or significance level, is equal to 0.000, which is less than 5%. As a result, we reject the null hypothesis of significant (H0) test of the regression model with 99% confidence, so the regression model is statistically significant. That is, tourism is influenced by the following index and can provide the basis for the development of rural entrepreneurship. The results show that the P-Value Entrepreneurship Creation variable is less than 5%, meaning that the effect of the mentioned variable in the model is significant. The component of rural tourism potential in the study area has also been evaluated in terms of entrepreneurship, evaluation and testing. According to the coefficients of tourism power and rural entrepreneurship, the correlation between the two variables of tourism (independent variable) and rural entrepreneurship (dependent variable) was confirmed at the highest significance level (0.95). Conclusion The results of the research show that there is a direct relationship between tourism and rural entrepreneurship development. Indeed, Rural development has increased the opportunities for entrepreneurship and employment growth in rural areas. Based on the results of this research and other mentioned studies can be concluded that rural tourism plays a significant role in rural entrepreneurship, and many developing countries focus their planning towards the development of rural tourism and their competitive ability in tourism market. The incline in tourism capability causes noticeable prosperity, a sharp increase in entrepreneurship opportunities and a drastic rise in employment in rural regions.