چكيده لاتين :
Introduction The study area of this research is Ijrud Township, located in Zanjan province that due to its tourism attractions, has been recognized as a tourist destination in recent years by many tourists and simultaneously has increased the number of second homes in the villages of this township. This has led to changes in land use, creating employment opportunities due to the construction of second homes, etc. in the region. In this regard, the present article tries to answer the following question: What are the main effects of tourism development based on second homes and rural tourism activities in the studied villages?
Methodology This research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytic in nature. Data collection in this research was done using a library method (checking of books, articles, Internet search and maps) and field study (questionnaire and observation). Ijrud Township which according to field studies and statistics of the government of the township, there are 11 villages in total and according to the census of 1390, the total number of households living in the villages is 1849. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size for the survey was calculated to be 282. Selecting households in the villages, was done randomly; so that the principle of equal opportunity for choosing households is observed. Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure reliability of the research that was 77%, which in total indicates its reliability. To determine the formal validity of questionnaire questions, at first, for each of the research indicators, the 5-part Likert scale was considered. After completing the questionnaire by the target group, using the formula of the Impact Method, the mean of formal validity was calculated of 1.7, which indicates its acceptability. The data analysis method is done quantitatively and qualitatively. In quantitative methods descriptive and inferential statistics such as one-sample t-test, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA have been used. The used questionnaire was composed of two sections: the first part is based on personal characteristics and the second part is about measuring variables affecting the economy of rural households which are measured in four indicators (Income, employment, land prices, investment) and based on the Likert scale. Results and Discussion Investigating the characteristics of respondents indicates that %66 of respondents are male, 59.6% are in the age class (31-40) and 74.5% are married. In terms of education, 31.9% have guidance school degree, 36.2% have free jobs and 89.4% have lived in rural areas for more than 10 years In the studied villages, the houses with 1 residential unit were the most frequent. The average number of permanent households was %69.123 and the non-permanent households were 52.20%. To analyze the effects of second homes tourism on the economy of rural households, One-sample t-test was used. The numerical mean analysis indicates the desirability of the level the second homes tourism effects on all of the research indices. The findings of the research show that the indicators of price increase (3.551) and employment (3.259) have the highest numerical mean and are at desirable level, and the indicators of investment (2.986) and income (2.924) have the lowest numerical mean and are undesirable. The spectral range in households living in sample villages, ranging from 1 to 5 based on the Likert spectrum, indicates the positive impact of second homes tourism on land price and employment dimensions, and a negative effect on investment and income dimensions. The results of two samples t-test indicate that in the study of the effects of second homes tourism on rural households economy, of the four affected economic indicators (income, employment, land price, investment), a significant difference is observed in the level of 99 percent in the land price index, but there is no significant difference in the other indicators (income, employment, investment).
Conclusion According to the results of the factor analysis, which was categorized into 7 factors, the first and the most important factor, according to the variables, the investment factor with explaination (19.237) percent of the variance, the second factor of the diversity of economic activities (17.637), the third factor of land change (11.584), the fourth factor of rural development (7.504), fifth factor tourism services (5.640), sixth factor of technology (5.535), the seventh factor of housing (5.353), were introduced. All these factors explained (72.490) percent of the variance in total. The results of the tests show that second homes tourism has led to the capital inflows to the region, increase of infrastructures, the improvement of the level of facilities and services, seasonal employment, the decrease of rural migrations and the return of migrants; and to some extent has been able to exclude these villages from their geographical isolation. In order to stay in the path of sustainable economic development, more and more private and public investment is required. In the studied area, due to the increasing need of second homes tourists to build housing and other welfare services, changes in land use from agriculture to housing has emerged strongly; So that some villages have requested an increase in the range from Housing Foundation.
